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science 20 midterm > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three kinds of bone structures?

A

Compact Bone- forms the outer layer of the bone, Hard and solid layer
Spongy Bone- tissue located beneath the compact bone. Porous tissue has meshy appearance and contains many spaces that hold the bone marrow
Cartilage- flexible connective tissue found between bones. Cartilage cushions bones and allows for smooth movements. Found on end of bones and ribcages

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2
Q

When someone is infected by touching a doorknob or dirty table, what is that called?

A

Indirect contact

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3
Q

What are pathogens?

A

an organism that causes someone to become sick

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4
Q

When someone becomes sick by getting sneezed or coughed on, what is that called?

A

Direct Contact

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the first line of the defence and what is in the system?

A

Prevents entry
Skin- provides barrier to the body
Mucous membrane- traps and collects bacteria and sometimes kills or slows reproduction
Secretion from skin mucous membrane- provides acidic surface for bacteria to stop growth
hair- to trap and collect pathogens
“good bacteria”- destroys and traps pathogens

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6
Q

Use of adaptive Immune System and whats apart of the system?

A 
Attacking specific intruders 
B lymphocytes (B cells)
T Lymphocytes (T cells)
Migrate to lymph nodes and spleen to attack any stored antigens as well circulate around body
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7
Q

What is the purpose of the second line of defence and what is in it?

A

Second Line of defence- prevents spread

  • Phagocytes- engulfs and destroys pathogens
  • Inflammatory response- prevents spread of injured or destroyed tissue and attracts phagocytes
  • Fever- increases temperature to stop zinc from going to bacteria, which is needed for reproduction and repair
  • Natural Killer Cells- encourages growth of cells that attacks viruses and releases chemicals that disinegrate structures
  • Proteins- attacks viruses and prevents reproducing
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8
Q

Describe the difference between T and B cells

A
  • Helper T-cells stimulate B-cells to make antibodies and help killer cells develop. Killer T-cells directly kill cells that have already been infected by a foreign invader.
  • B cells (Bone Marrow)
  • T cells (Thymus)
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9
Q

Describe the third line of defence and what its compromised of

A

Third Line of Defence- order of attack

  • Antigen Specific- recognizes & acts against particular pathogens- capable of provoking immune response not usual in the body and will identify antigens to inactivate them and destroy them
  • Systematic- immunity not restricted to initial infection and will spread around body
  • Memory- Recognizes and becomes stronger against the same antigen if it so enters the body- if fail can bring fatal disease
  • T-cells will destroy antigens and then identity their proteins to recognize them if they invade again
  • T-cells may also recruit macrophages and prod them to be true killers to help combat certain antigen
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10
Q

What are the two kinds of immunity?

A

Naturally- during bacterial or viral infections where the body may had not showed any symptoms
Artificially- vaccines used with a weaker or dead version of the pathogen so that when the body reacts its ready for the real pathogen and attacks vigorously

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11
Q

What is an antigen?

A

The part of the invading organism deemed foreign

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12
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

The white blood cell in the mucus and lymph that eats the pathogens and displays antigen on their membrane

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13
Q

What is the specific defence helper T cell?

A

When contacted by the macrophages, secrets interleukins to stimulate B cells and Killer T cells

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14
Q

Whats the B cell?

A

It’s the cell that makes antibodies

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15
Q

What’s an antibody?

A

An antibody is specifically shaped to match the specific antigen shape

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16
Q

What do killer T cells do?

A

Kills infected host cells

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17
Q

What does the memory B cell do?

A

Remains after the pathogen is eliminated so antibodies can be made quickly is invasion happens again in the future

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18
Q

How many bones to infants have? Adults?

A

Infants- 300+

Adults- 206

19
Q

What are the functions of your skeletal system?

A

Supports- works as frame work for your body
Protection- certain bones protect certain organs like the ribcage protects the heart and the skull protects the brain
Movement- muscles fuse too bone, hence helping with movement
Blood Cell production- red bone marrow produces white and red blood cells
Stores- yellow bone marrow stores fat, found in long bones

Susan
promises
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big 
sausage
20
Q

What are the five kinds of bones?

A

Long Bones- greater length than width, usually curved for strength
Short Bones- approximately equal length and width
Flat Bones- thin in structure. Provides for protection and large surfaces of muscle to attach to
Irregular Bones- Complicated shape that’s based on their function
Sesamoid- develop in areas of tension

21
Q

What are the 2 kind of bone marrow and what are the differences between the tow of them?

A 
Red- hematopoietic tissue
Bone cell forming tissue 
everywhere in infants 
Yellow- fatty tissue 
young to middle age develop in shafts 
does NOT produce blood
22
Q

How to bones grow? When are they strongest and what causes them to weaken?

A

During puberty, sex hormones allow bones to become more dense
Bones are strongest between 18 & 30 and weaken after because of calcium loss

23
Q

What is the process of bone growth?

O.O.C.C.O

A

Ossification- process in which bones are formed
Osteoblasts- cells that secret calcium phosphate and collagen to build bones (B= blast/builds)
Collagen- fibrous connective tissue
Calcium Phosphate- mineral that hardens phosphate
Osteoclast- responsible for breaking down bone

24
Q

What are joints and what are their function?

A

joints is the place where bone meets

allow for various movement, sometimes no movement and other times for wide ranges of movement

25
Q

What are the five types of joints? Give brief description

A

Gliding Joint- flat surfaces of bone glides over each other (ankle and wrist)
Pivot joint- where two bones rotates on each other (vertebrae that supports your head allows you to turn your head)
Ball and socket joint- a ball like end of a bone that fits into a cup like socket (femur sitting in hip socket)
Saddled joint- allows movement front to back (thumb joint)
Hinge Joint- Goes one direction, like a swinging door (knee)

26
Q

Describe Length and Width in terms of bone growth

A

Length- primary ossification centre
centre of diaphysis
Thickness- Secondary ossification centre
centre of epiphysis

27
Q

Describe the eight types of fractures

S.C.G.S.C.T.C.L

A

Simple- The bone is broken but skin isn’t lacerated
Compound- the skin is pierced by the bone or blow that breaks skin same time
Greenstick- Like green tree branch, fracture on one side, causing bone to bend on the other side
Spiral- fracture spirals around bone in spiral manner
Communicated- results in 3 or more bone fragments
Transverse- fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone
Compression- occurs in vertebrae
Lisfranc- 1 or all of the metatarsal bones are displaced form the tarsus

28
Q

Define disease

A

illness or sickness characterized by specific signs or symptoms

29
Q

Define illness

A

an unhealthy condition of the body or mind

30
Q

Define aliment

A

physical disorder or illness

31
Q

Define syndrome

A

a combination of symptoms resulting from a single cause or occurring together

32
Q

Define Abnormal condition

A

Abnormal physical condition resulting from defective genes or developmental deficiencies

33
Q

Define Infectious and none-infectious disease

A

Infectious- can be passed on from person to person, caused by a germ (flu)
Non-infectious- disease is not passed from person to person (heart disease)

34
Q

Describe the lymphatic system

A

transports fluids that have escaped from blood back to circulatory system
also houses lymphoid tissue and organs, which help to get rid of foreign invaders

35
Q

Describe Lymphatic vessels function

A

fluid that remains after nutrients, water, and gas are exchanged must be carried back to circulatory system
also use lymphatic valves to drain the blood, and create lymph

36
Q

Describe lymph nodes function

A

Travels through lymphatic vessels and contain macrophages and lymphocytes, which fight foreign invaders

37
Q

Name Lymph organs

A

Spleen, Thymus, tonsils, Peyer’s patch, and Appendix

38
Q

Name functions of the spleen

A

filters and cleans blood
destroys worn out red blood cells and sends them to liver to be broken down
stores platelets and can store blood
adult spleen can produce lymphocytes

39
Q

Name the five pathogen types

A

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites, fungi

40
Q

Describe Bacteria

A

single celled organisms releases toxic chemicals to body or destroys cells (food poisoning)

41
Q

Describe viruses

A

strands of DNA or RNA causing disease that surrounds protein coat

42
Q

Describe Protozoa

A

singled celled organisms that prey on other cells, needs healthy cells to complete life cycle

43
Q

Describe Parasites

A

Organism grows and feeds on host

44
Q

Describe fungi

A

multi or single celled organism that pierces healthy cells and takes away nutrients

science 20 midterm (1 decks)

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