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Production animal medicine > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Number of sperm per AI dose

A

2-4 billion

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2
Q

Frequency of sperm recovery

A

Max 2 times a week

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3
Q

Volume of ejaculate?

A

200ml

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4
Q

List some advantages of AI

A
  • Genetic improvemetn and introduction of new genetics
  • permits crossbreeding
  • Transport over long distance
  • control of veneral diseases
  • accurate breeding records
    *
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5
Q

Major risks with AI

A

In case of wrong implementation all listed advantages are turning to opposite and generate huge harm

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6
Q

Boar:sow ratio

A

1:25

1 boar for 20-30 sows

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7
Q

Minimum age of breeding boar

A

7,5 to 11 months

(breed dependent)

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8
Q

List the AI semen collection methods

A

artificial vagina

gloved-hand-method

elctroejaculation

boar training

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9
Q

Why is gloved-hand -method preferred?

A

easily observe the penis and seminal fluid

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10
Q

Describe the collection process

A

grab penis after mounting of phantom. hold until ejaculation, discard the firt phase of the ejaculation, collect the second part with a filter. filter out the seminal plasma

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11
Q

What are the macro and microscopic observations of the sperm

A

macroscopic: volume, color, smell
microscopic: concentration, motility, morphology

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12
Q

What is the quality parameter of concentration

A

min 10^8 sperm cells per ml

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13
Q

Which abnormality are more important of the sperm cells

A

head abnromalities

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14
Q

Different ways to evaluate the sperm

A
  1. In Burker (makler) chamber under microscope with heated plate
  2. concentration with photometry (spermacue)
  3. spermac or eosin-nigrosi staining
  4. CASA: computer assisted sperm analysis
  5. fluorescent dyes, flow cytometry
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15
Q

Steps of liquid sperm concervation

A
  1. origin ejaculate
  2. filtration
  3. sperm evalutation
  4. determination of dilution
  5. dilution
  6. manifacture of sperm dose (80-100ml)
  7. trasnport at 16degrees
  8. storage at 16 degrees
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16
Q

Steps of AI in sow

A
  1. clean the vulva
  2. insertion of insemintaion pipette (pointed upwards)
  3. connect with spermbottle
  4. deposit into the cervix
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17
Q

Describe the semen bottles

A

IMV cochettes: plastic bags

tubes (coloured)

vials with coloured caps

semen dyes

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18
Q

Describe the insemination pipettes

A

spirettes

foam tip

super tip

catheter for deep intrauterine insemination

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19
Q

When would a deep intrauterine insemination be administered?

A

when there is a reduced number of spermatozoa

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20
Q

Timing of insemination in early estrus?

A
  1. AI: 36-24h
  2. AI: 12-16h
  3. (12-16h)
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21
Q

Timing of insemination during normal estrus (Day5)

A
  1. 12h
  2. 12-16h
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22
Q

Timing of insemination on late estrus (6-7)

A
  1. immediately
  2. (12-16h)
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23
Q

Industrial pig breeding - important points

A
  • increasing effectivity - feeding, management, animal health, buildings, automatization
  • priority - decreasing production costs
  • mass production - cheap pork prices
  • obligation of environment protection
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24
Q

Farm management - important points

A
  • group wise management: all in all out (animals are moved in groups)
  • labour management
  • animal health advantages
  • all production phases under group wise structure
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25
Q

What to think of during reproductive management?

A

proper rearing of breeding gilts

proper regrouping of gilts

searching for gilts in heating, estrous syncronisation

AI with “on farm” or purchaased sperm

farowing

weaning

rearing

AI of multiparous sows

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26
Q

what is the first step of group wise reproduction management?

A

estrous synchronisation

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27
Q

What is a precondition to produce homogenous and fattening pigs?

A

estrous synchronization

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28
Q

How can we use endocrine intervention

A

synchronise follicle maturation

matured graafinan follicles in all gilts before induction of ovulation - LH surge

follicle rupture in all gilts at the same time

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29
Q

From when an we see estrous symptoms post weaning

A

from the 4th day

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30
Q

on what day is heat post weaning?

A

5th day

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31
Q

on what day is the ovulation post weaning?

A

day 6

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32
Q

Which products can be used to synchonise the puberal gilts?

A

synthetic progestagenes

altrenogest (steroidal progestin)

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33
Q

What will altrenogest do?

A

Suppress estrus in animals to facilitate induction of normal estrous cycle activity. to make synchronisation possible

it will simulate the luteal phase and all antral follicles under 5mm will be blocked

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34
Q

What is given after altrenogest has stopped the cycle?

A

endogene GnRH or exogene eCG

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35
Q

How will endogen GnRH and exogen eCG affect the sow/gilt?

A

stimulate follicle growth and maturation

onset of estrous, preovulatory LH surge and ovulation

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36
Q

When will ovulation occure after reciving eCG in

  • sows
  • gilts
A
  • sow: 72h
  • gilts: 78-80h
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37
Q

How is the insemination done after the e(h)CG/GnRH ovulation occurs

A

1st: at 24h after giving the hormones, the sperm survives for 6h
2nd: 8-12h oocyte lifespan, sperm is viable for 6 hours after this

the ovulation duration is between 2-12h

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38
Q

Synchronization + programmed AI gilts

A

15d altrenogest application PO

24h later eCG IM

78-80h later hCG/GnRH IM

24-26h after hCG/GnRH 1st AI

38-40h after hCG/GnRH 2nd AI

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39
Q

synchronization + programmed AI sows

A

4 week long suckling

weaning

24h later eCG

72h later hCG/GnRH

24-26h post hCG/HnRH 1st AI

38-40h post hCG/GnRH 2nd AI

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40
Q

What will fixed time AI, if prepared professionally ensure?

A

high ferilization rate

overall optimization of reproductive performance in industrial pig production

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41
Q

at what age does infantile ovaries appear

A

6months

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42
Q

how does the juvenile ovary look like?

A

almost shaped like an ovary just before ovulation

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43
Q

Can we breed animals that have juvenile ovaries?

A

yes, but we shouldnt

can induce ovulation by using a mix of eCG and hCG

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44
Q

When should the gilt be inseminated?

A

at her first heating (after silent heat) or at her 2nd or 3rd if she hasnt reached 60% of adult weight

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45
Q

What is the largest group of pigs that can be put together?

A

8-10

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46
Q

What problems can mycoestrogens, fusrium toxins cause in the sow?

A

ovarian cysts (small, large, multiplex)

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47
Q

name nutritional disorders of reproduciton

A

mycotoxin: follicular cyst, luteal cyst

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48
Q

theoretical overview: fertilization

A

sperm attachment

sperm penetration

pronucleus ormation and syngamie

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49
Q

theory: cleavage

A

2 cell embry to morula stage

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50
Q

theory: early embryonic development

A

blastocyst formation

zona hatching

intrauterine migration and spacing

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51
Q

theory: implantation

A

conceptus expansion

implantation

placentation

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52
Q

how many days does it take for the morula to develop?

A

3-4 days

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53
Q

when will the embryo enter the uterus? (post ovulation)

A

50-56h post ovulation

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54
Q

intrauterine migration

A

after hatching the blastocyst attatches to the maternal uterine epithelium

embryos are near to the tip of the uterine horn untl day 6 and will start to migrate after

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55
Q

how long does migration and uterine spacing last?

A

until day 12

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56
Q

growing fetus process

A

fast!

2mm on day 10

10mm on day11-12

2-3hours later on day 11-12 it is 30-40mm

gors by 30-40mm per hour

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57
Q

ectoderm develops into

A

skin, hair, mammary gland, nervous system

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58
Q

mesoderm develops into

A

heart, blod vessels, kidney, bone, muscles, reproductive organs, connective tissue, adipose tissue

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59
Q

endoderm develops into

A

liver, pancreas, epithelilal layer of GI, respiratory system

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60
Q

pregnancy checking

A

visual and endocrine methods

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61
Q

visual pregnancy check

A

behaviour

ultrasound

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62
Q

pregnancy check: endocrine methods

A

maternal and embryonal hormone production

  • the morula and blastocyst will produce E1
  • high P4
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63
Q

other methods than visual to check for pregnancy

A

palpate the uterine artery - it will be large if the pig is pregnant

histiological sample from the vagina - thicknes of the epitelial layer

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64
Q

wht happens if you give a pregnat pig PGF2a IM?

A

she will farrow 24h later

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65
Q

What are the three phases of farrowing

A
  1. preparation
  2. birth
  3. final phase - birth of placenta
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66
Q

phase one of farrowing

A

the preparation

milk droplets in the teats

eat less feeding more times

hard abdomnial wall, lateral position, standing up and laying down

slightly reduced body temperature

cervical opening, reddening, amniotic fluid

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67
Q

second phase of the farrowiing

A

birth

frquent contractions

comes from uterine horns, will take 10-30min

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68
Q

how long does the farrowing last?

A

2-8h

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69
Q

how long will the third phase of farrowing last and what happens

A

birth of the placenta can occur between 1-5 hours after birth

lochia 1-2days

beginning of involution

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70
Q

What is lochia?

A

lochia is the vaginal discharge after giving birth, containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue.

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71
Q

important things to do with newborn piglets

A

aspirate fluid form nasal cavity and mouth if needed

disinfection of umilical chord

make sure they get colostrum

heat them

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72
Q

what is the vets duty with newborn piglets

A
  • On d 2 Ferro-daxtrane injection to prevent anaemie, (tail shortening)
  • D 7 to 10 castration(disorders are visible i.e. hernia, abdominal testis)
  • From d 14 castration in local anesthaesia
  • (In adults general anesthaesia)
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73
Q

How many days PP does it take for the sow to reach cyclic function and fertilization ability?

A

28-40days

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74
Q

When can heat be detected after weaning?

A

4-5 days (proper weaning)

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75
Q

How long should the piglets atleast suckle?

A

4weeks for proper involution

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76
Q

Involution processes

A

lactation against ovarian acivity

myometrial contractions: exit of placenta, lochia, vessels under compression, rapid reduction of length and diameter of uterus

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77
Q

Who mainly have problems during farrowing?

A

primiparous sows/gilts - first time giving birth

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78
Q

what are some problems that can occur in the farrowing unit?

A

contractions become weaker after 7-8piglets

it takes 30-40min between each piglet - could be stuck in the bifurcation or cervix

sow can be aggressive

more piglets than teats

agalactia

MMA(PPDS)

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79
Q

Control work of the vet with breedin sows

A

hygiene

order of labour, rotation (all in- all out)

stage of installed equipment

storage fo feed sample

wening not before w4

AI

conditions of involution and reertilization

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80
Q

techniques of weaning in mid sized farms

A

intermittent suckling from 3-4weeks, piglets gets taken away every day for a few hours

kinder garden: from 3w farrowing cages are openly connected

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81
Q

General features of the GI of the pig

A

monogastric animal

simple small intestine

spiral large intestine

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82
Q

How do we perform clinical examination of the oral cavity?

A

NEVER do it

they will bite you

endoscopic? noway they will just eat it

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83
Q

What do you think of if the pig is producing excessive amount of saliva or foamy saliva?

A
  1. infectious decises like rabies! check for vesicles
  2. non infectious: physicla chemical causes
  3. bacterial disease
  4. fungal diseases
  5. miscellaneous diseases
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84
Q

Infectious viral disease that causes vesicles

A

foot and mouth disease

swine vesicular disease

vesicular exanthema of swine

vesicular stomatitis

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85
Q

Where can you find vesicle formation on the pig?

A

snout

oral mucosa

hoof

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86
Q

What are some physico-chemical causes of vesicle formation?

A

heat effect

acids and alkalziers

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87
Q

important bacterial diseases occuring in or around the oral cavity of the pig?

A

necrobacillosis

actinobacillosis

stachybotryotoxicosis

Greasy pig disease

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88
Q

Whic bacteria often affects nursing piglets, causing teeth reduction?

A

necrobacillosis

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89
Q

Actinobacillus in swine

A

Sows have it on their tonisls, it can affect the piglets thorugh the air - pneumonia - often sudden death

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90
Q

If you see a pig with necrotic are on the snout, mouth, nipples. Which bacteria do you hink of?

A

Stachyobotryotoxicosis

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91
Q

How does pigs get stachyobotryotoxicosis?

A

by eating hay (rare now)

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92
Q

What bacteria is responsible for the greasy pig disease?

A

Staphylococcus hyicus

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93
Q

Clinical signs of staphylococcus hyicus

A

The skin along the flanks the belly and between the legs changes to a brown colour gradually involving the whole of the body. The skin becomes wrinkled with flaking of large areas. It progresses to a dark greasy texture and in severe cases turns black

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94
Q

Fungal diseases of pigs affecting the oral cavity

A

Candida albicans

stachybotris atra (toxin)

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95
Q

What can cause tonsillitis/ tonsillitis be a sign of?

A

Aujeszky’s disease

swine fever

anthrax

swine vesicular disease

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96
Q

What is sialodentis

A

inflammation of the salivary glands

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97
Q

What can cause sialodentitis in swine?

A

vitamin A deficiency

SVD (swine vesicular disease)

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98
Q

What clinical signs occur when there are issues with the oral cavity?

A

salivation

dysphagia

weight loss

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99
Q

What is the first thing to be done if there is sign of pharyngeal dysfunction or one sided paralsis?

A

exlude the possibiliy of rabies infection

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100
Q

whihc nerve cuases pharyngeal dysfunction?

A

N.hypoglossus

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101
Q

How can pharynx obstruction occur?

A

foregin bodies: often iatrogenic, tube feeding gone worng

obstruction by feed: too large particles

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102
Q

What can be done if a swine hva paryngeal obstruction?

A

emetics, endoscopy or even surgery ina valuable boar

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103
Q

Which virus can cause pharyngeal paralysis?

A

Lyssavirus

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104
Q

How is pharyngeal pouch obtruction treated?

A

per os antibiotics

105
Q

Mention the main swine gastric diseases

A
  1. Gastric ulceration
  2. gastric dilatiation
  3. gastric torsion
  4. foreign body in the stomach
  5. gastritis
106
Q

Causes for gastric dilatiation

A

result of overeating, social ranking

failure of dry matter intake - technology failure, social ranking

107
Q

How does gastric torsion occur

A

it usually occurs in sows

change of feeding

restlessness

108
Q

What can happen when gastric torsion goes unnoticed?

A

if the torsion stop the blood flow of the stomach it can lead to necorsis of the stomach and eventually death

109
Q

In what kind of pigs does foreign bodies most often occur?

A

backyard farming and pasture kept sows. They eat stones

110
Q

what foregin body beside sotnes can be found in the stomach of pigs?

A

zootrichobezoars

111
Q

What is gastritis

A

inflammation of the sotmach, either the whole stomach or the mucosal membranes

112
Q

What can cause gastritis

A

chemical or physical causes: irritative agents, foregin bodies

kidney failure, damage: uremai leading to ulceration

Infectious diseases

113
Q

What infectious diseases can lead to gastritis?

A

TGE: transmissible gastro enteritis (coronavirus)

salmonellosis

swine fever, ASF, Köves disease

oedematic disease by clostridia

114
Q

What parasitic disease can cause gastritis?

A

hyostrongylus rubidus

115
Q

What nutritonal causes do we have for gastric ulcers?

A

nutritional imbalance: causing pH gardient decrease between cardia and fundus

particle size of feed: not bigger than 600-700 micrometer

heat damage of granulated feed

vitamin E or zinc deficiency

hunger

abscence of dry matter: feed refusal or ill animals

116
Q

bacterial, fungal and environemntal factors causing gastric ulcers

A

bacterial: helicobacter suis/pyloris, fusobacterium

vomitoxin, mycotoxin

stress

117
Q

Cinical signs of gastric ulceration

A

anemia

decreased appetite, teeth grinding

melenia

weight loss

regurgitation (healed ulcer)

118
Q

Drugs that can be used to protect the stomach from ulceration

A

H2 receptor antagonist - cimetidine, ranitidine

proton pump inhibitor - omeprazole

prostaglandin E

119
Q

supplements that can be given to prevent gastric ulceration?

A

kaolin, pectines, sucralfate: cover the mucosa, anti-irritant

U vitamin (methyl methionine)

sunflower hull

120
Q

Differential diagnosis to clinical signs of gastric ulceration?

A

ulcer as a part of systemic infection

erysipelas, streptococcus septicaemia, slmonellosis

121
Q

7 diseases of intestines in swine

A
  1. Congenital diorders
  2. Dislocation of the intestine
  3. Herniation
  4. Ileus
  5. Dilation of the intestine
  6. Constipation
  7. Enteritis
122
Q

congential disorders of the intestine

A

atresia ani

  • failure of perforation of the membrane separating endometrial hindgut from ectodermal anal membrane

persisten merkels diverticulum: usually euthanised

123
Q

What can dislocation of the intesines be?

A

torsion of the intestine

prolapse of the rectum

124
Q

torsion of the intestine: what can be the causes?

A

abnormal peristalsis or content

abnormal movements of the animal

adhesions, ligaments in the abdomnial cavity

125
Q

what is a differential diagnosis to torsion of the intestine?

A

Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome

126
Q

What can be the cause of prolapse of rectum?

A

genetically predisposed

result of enhanced intestinal motility

mycotoxicosis

increased abdomnial mucle contraction: couging, urolithiasis

127
Q

Wht are the consequences of a prolapsed rectum

A

bleeding, cannibalism, stricture

128
Q

What are the differential diagnosis of prolapsed rectum?

A

diarrhea

coughing

pilin (low temp)

zearalenone (mycotoxin)

floor design(floped floors)

antibiotics(lincomycin, tylosin)

inherited predisposition

post/prepartum

tenesums associated diseases

129
Q

What are the most common herniations?

A

umbilical

Ingiunal

Perineal

130
Q

What can cause ileus?

A

congenital disorders

obturation

compression

functional stenosis

stricture

131
Q

What is stricture

A

abnromal narrowing

132
Q

What can be an acquired stricture?

A

abscess, haematom tumor

133
Q

What is a primary megacolon?

A

lack of plexus myentericus - innervation problems also known as Hirschprungs disease

134
Q

Secondary megacolon

A

occuring from something that is narrowing the pelvic inlet

chronic proctitis

chornic peritonits

secondary to rectal prolapse

135
Q

Constipation in sows

A

after farrowing

after surgey, c-section

nutriotonal: lack of fiber

136
Q

constipatoin in other than sows and different ages

A

fever, lack of water

137
Q

How is constipation treated?

A

with paraffin, MgSO4 - magnesium sulphate

138
Q

What are the main causes of enteritis?

A

external causes

internal causes

secretional problems

osmotic problems

exudative

altered motility

139
Q

What external causes can cause enteritis?

A

nutrients

plant toxins

mycotoxins

irritative agents

medication

pathogens

140
Q

what internal causes can cause enteritis?

A

constipation

metabolic problems

dysbiosis

141
Q

in which case can problems with secretion cause ulceration?

A

too much secretion: diarrhea

enterotoxameia: E.coli, clostridum
viral: corona, rota and parvovirus

142
Q

How long time does it take for the parv virus to go from the pase of the villi to the tip?

A

72h

143
Q

Where on the villi does the

Parvo, rota and corona virus attach themself?

A

Parvo: base

Cornoa: middle

Rota: top

144
Q

How can enteritis be due to osmotic reasons?

A

it can cause malabsorption

if the osmotic concentration of the lumen is too high it can cause diarrhea

145
Q

Exudative causes of enteritis

A

organism in the lumen - bacterial, viral

neutrophil granulocyte, body reacts to the organism

146
Q

What virus has a different time infecting according to age?

A

E. coli

ETEC, EPEC

neonatal: 1-4days old

Post weaning 2-3 weeks after weaning

147
Q

ETEC?

A

enterotoxigenic E.coli

148
Q

EPEC

A

enteropathogenic E.coli

149
Q

Why is age important when considering diarrhea?

A

indicate what pathogen

150
Q

pathogenesis of enteritis

A

acute or chrnoic atarrhal enteritis/colitis

bloody enteritis colitis

membranous enteritis/colitis

necrotic enteritis/colitis

proliferative enteritis/colitis

151
Q

Clinical signs of enteritis, what to look for

A

content of faeces: blood or mucous

unfermented feed

melena

pH

frequency

restlessness, fever

152
Q

what bacteria can be the causative agent of enteritis if there is blood present in the faeces?

A

clostridium perfringens type C

lawsonia intracellularis

153
Q

What bacteria can be the causative agent of enteritis if the feaeces is mucoid?

A

bracyspira spp

salmonella

trichuris suis

154
Q

what can be the cause when there is melenia?

A

gastric ulcers

155
Q

What is the scores and duration when the diarhea is severe? (%)

A

faceal score: >2.5

20% diarrhea

more than 5 days

156
Q

Why is ORT given in case of diarrhea?

A

oral rehydration therapy

energy soruce, stabilize the water household, supply minerals

157
Q

what are some important content of ORT?

A

glucose

sodium chloride!

potassium citrate!

potassium dihydrogen phosphate!

glycine

citric acid

158
Q

What are some alternatives to AB

A

probiotics

phytobioticum

biocides

essential oild

orgnaic acids

159
Q

What vaccines are available against enteritis?

A

PPE: lawsonia intracellularis (ileitis)

160
Q

Mention some notifiable diseases gibing a high fever?

A

CSF and ASF

161
Q

Mention a disease that gives a high fever, but is not notifiable

A

erysipelas

162
Q

is erysipelas zoonotic?

A

yes

163
Q

What signs can be seen in actinobacillus infection

notifiable?

zoonotic?

A

high fever and cough, pneumonia

not notifiable

not zoonotic

164
Q

what amount of weightloss is noteworthy in the nursery

A

10-20g daily

165
Q

What does SRDC stand for?

A

Swine respiratory isease complex

166
Q

Porcine respiratory and reproductive virus - importance

A

highly contageous, spread through air

notifiable in hungary

167
Q

How can we see circovirus infections?

A

different growth of piglets, hair keeps growing

168
Q

How can we see the Aujeszky’s disease infections?

A

sows abort

piglet clinical nervous signs

respiratory problems

169
Q

B1- fumonisin toxins clinical signs

A

heavy breathing - inspirational

170
Q

Actinobacillus pleuropneumonei clinical signs

A

high fever

rapid course of disease

bloody ffoamy nasal discharge

171
Q

Where can you hear the heartbeat of a pig?

A

left only

3-4th intercostal space - shoulder line

172
Q

congenital heart diseases of swine

A

rare! culled if occurence

tricuspid dysplasia

atrial septal defect

persistent, common atrioventricular channel

173
Q

List some aquired heart diseases

A

bacterial endocarditis

diseases of the myocardium

diseases of the pericardium

vascular diseases

174
Q

What bacteria cause endocardiits

A

erysipelotrix rhusipathiae

streptococcus sp

coynebacterium pyogenes

staphylococcus sp

E.coli

175
Q

clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis

A

apathy

anorexia

fever

chronic weight loss

cyanosis

tachypnea

dyspnea

coughing

176
Q

Viral diseases of the myocardium

A

foot and mouth disease

parvovirus in piglets

PRSS

encephalomyocarditis

177
Q

nutrition causing diseases of the myocardium

A

vitamin E/selenium deficiency: mulberry heart disease

178
Q

Toxins causing myocardial disease

A

Se, As, Hg, laslocide, alinomycin, monensin

179
Q

Bacteria that can cause pericarditis?

A

Actinobacillus

Haemophillus parasuius - glassers disease

mycoplasma hyorhiinis

s.suis

180
Q

Vlinical signs of pericarditis

A

CNS

fibrinous exudate in body cavities

brohopneumonia

skin cyanosis

vasculitis

septicaemia

181
Q

What can cause swine vascular diseases?

A

bacterias and viruses

182
Q

Which bacterial can cause vascular diseases

A

Actinobacillus

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Escherchia coli

haemophilus parasuis

leptospira interrogans

streptococcus suis

salmonella

183
Q

What viruses can cause vascular diseases?

A

ASF

CSF

ovine herpesvirus 2

Porcine circovirus 2

PRRSV

184
Q

What can be seen on the pig if there are vascular problems?

A

skin problems may occur

185
Q

What are the anemias that are found in the pig

A

blood loosing anemia

hemolytic anemia

Iron deficiency anemia

methaemoglobinaemia

186
Q

Blood losing anemia, reasons

A

bleeding gastric ulcer

parasitic infection

187
Q

what parasites are the causative agents for blood losing anemia?

A

strongylidosis

ascariosis

Hyostrongylus rubidus

trichuris suis

188
Q

What can cause hemolytic anemia?

A

immunohemolytic anaemia

Bacterias: M haemosuis, cytomegalovirus and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae

189
Q

Occurence of iron deficiency anemia in piglets

A

in piglets of fast developing breeds

190
Q

What is the etiology of iron deficiency anemia

A

sow milk + Fe reseve of piglets from mother = 50% of total requirement

191
Q

What are the clinical signs of severe Fe deficency?

A

clinical anemia at 6-14 days of age

porcelain piglets

tachypnea

weakness

squash to death

192
Q

clinical signs and sequela of mild Fe deficiency

A

subclinical anemia t 1-4 weeks

decreased general resistance (depressed immune system)

secondary diseases

retarded growth

poor effectivity of fattening

193
Q

How can severe iron deficiency anemia be diagnosed?

A

obvious clinical signs

194
Q

What can be seen on the blood parameters in subclinical Fe deficiency?

A

Hb –

Ht –

reticulocyte ++

195
Q

What can be seen in the plasma of mild Fe anemia?

A

Fe concentration – /Fe binding capacity ++

utility index –

196
Q

How is iron deficiency prevented and treated?

A

Parenteral Fe: injections of iron dextran/fumarate/glutamate (150-200 mg/piglets IM)

Per oral Fe replacemtn: within 12h after birth, give ferrous sulphate, iron dextrane/galactane

197
Q

What can cause methemoglobinemia?

A

air filters that use nitrate porducing bacteria to filter the air, nitrate accumulation

198
Q

What will nitrie do to the blood?

A

it will oxidize Fe2+ ion within the hemoglobin molecule into Fe3+

failure of oxygen transpir

199
Q

Clinical signs of methemoglobinemia

A

sudden onset

blue discoloration of mucosal membranes and skin

cyanosis

chocolate-brown blood, failure of coagulation

200
Q

treatment of methemoglobinaemia

A

methylene blue

vitamin A and C pos

oxygen therpay

201
Q

Metabolic diseases in swine

A

Hyper/hypovitaminosis

Hypoglycaemia

Porcine stress syndrome

202
Q

Is hyper or hypovitaminosis most common?

A

hypervitaminosis is rare

203
Q

Which vitamins are most often in hypo

A

The fat soluble vitamins

204
Q

A- hypovitaminosis comes together with

A

b-carotene deficiency

205
Q

What can be seen when there is a lack of vitamin A?

A

reproductive disorders

  • cycling activity, no estrus or pregnancy
  • immunesupression
  • dermatitis, exudative
206
Q

What happens if there is hypovitaminosis of A during pregnancy

A

teratogenic - fetus are blind, problemswith brain tissue growth and locomotr

207
Q

What can cause A vhypovitaminosis beside nutritoanl or absorptional reasons?

A

ascarisis. the worm will compete woth the host for the vitamin

208
Q

E Hypovitaminosis goes together with

A

selenium deficiency

209
Q

What nutritonal components can cause problems for vitamin E

A

when there are very high components of polyunsaturated fatty acids

cupper, vitamin A or mycotoxins

thye will dmage the vitamin E molecule or simply decrease their bioavailability

210
Q

Name three diseases that can occur due to E hypovitaminosis

A

Mulberry heart disease

hepatosis dietica

white muscle disease

211
Q

How do you describe the mulberry heart disease? (necroscopy)

A

alternating areas of necrosis and haemorrhages throughout the myocardiu, fluid and fibrin in the pericardium, fluid in thorax

212
Q

How cn you describe hepatosis dietica? (necrosis)

A

alternating areas of necrosis and hemorrhage onthe liver, some lobes can be swollen, gall bladder edema

the unstability of lipid membrnae affect the heart and liver i high degree

213
Q

K hypovitaminosis clinical signs

A

coagulopathu

bleeding all over the bpdy

pale skin, hemtomas throughout the body

214
Q

What causes hypoglycaemia in piglets? (2-4) days

A

they are born with minimal liver glycogen and no brown fat tissue - they have low enrgy and are not very good at regulating their temperatur

so they ahve a low bodyweight but a large surface area which leads to heat loss, and the efforts to keep the piglet warm leads to quick depletion of the energy reserves. it the piglets dont recieve enough maternal milk becuase a lack of production or they have an inability to suckle - this will lead t hypoglycaemia

215
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypoglycaemia?

A

ataxia

recumbency

anorexia

low body temperature

seizures

ophistotonus

coma

216
Q

Treatment of hypoglycaemia in piglets

A

keep them warm

give them glucose solution per os/artificial feeding with formulas

or give them 10-15ml 10% glucos intraperitoneal

217
Q

What is the origin of PSS?

A

genetic

ryanodin receptor mutation - homozygos recessive animals are susceptible

218
Q

what is PSS

A

Overreaction to stress, abnormal amount of muscle contractions in response to normal impulses

219
Q

what are the basic forms of PSS?

A

sudden death (peracute)

malignant hyperthermia

back muscle necrosis - loalized

PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat

220
Q

How can PSS be treated?

A

cooling with cold water, 50-100 ml Ca gluconate im. can be tried

221
Q

Prevention of PSS

A

genetics: keep the herd free from the gene, breed them with heterozygos ones

stress free environmetn

strsnil inj (azaperone) before regourping or transport

selenium and vit E supplementation

222
Q

Locomotor diseases that can occur in piglets and fattening pigs?

A

Splay leg - piglets

rickets

223
Q

Causes of splay leg?

A

unclear - environmental, stress at farrowing, low birth weigh, genetics (landrace) F2 toxins

224
Q

what are the conequences of splayleg?

A

unability to suckle, trampling - increased mortality in the farrowing stable

225
Q

Treatment to splay leg?

A

bind the hindlegs together for 48-72h

226
Q

Etiology of rickets?

A

deficency of calcium, phosphprous or vitamin D

imbalance of their concentration: fast growth

227
Q

Pathogenesis of rickets

A

disturbance of mineralisation of long bones (increase dPTH) - especially in growth plates

long bones widen and thicken, growth plates are irregular

osteoclast activity increase, osteoblast will decrease

228
Q

clinical signs of rickets

A

stuntet growtn and lameness due to bent joint

229
Q

necroscopy findings of animals affected by rickets

A

numerous healing fractures

ribs bend before breaking

growth plates are thickened irregular surface

230
Q

locomotor disorders in breeding sows

A

osteoporosis

osteochondrosis

epiphyseolysis

arthritis

231
Q

Osteoporosis metabolic origin

A

Ca, P and vitamin D deficiency

energy/protein deficiency

during lactation PTH mobilizes Ca from the bones to provide for milk production

232
Q

Pathogenesis of osteoporosis

A

increased PTH leading to bone weight decrese, thin porous bones which easily fractures

233
Q

clinical signs of osteoporosis

A

stiff gait or sudden severe lameness, weakness or paralyisis of the hindquarters

fractures of the pelvis, femur or lumbosacral vertebrae

234
Q

necroscopy findings of osteoporosis

A

trabecular bone are decreased - often se femoral neck fracture

corticalis bones thickness will decrease

articular cartilage and physis is intact

235
Q

how can it be seen that the cortical bone thickness is decreaseing?

A

transverse cut of the 6th rib. then if the amount of cortex compared to the total surface are is smaller than 0.2 meaning less than 20% it is decrased

236
Q

Diagnosis of osteoporosis

A

cortical bone thickness estimation

measurment of bone density

237
Q

how can osteoporosis be prevented?

A

nutrition

238
Q

Define osteochondrosis

A

disturbance of endochondral ossification

ususallt affects multiple joints

239
Q

where can osteochondosis lesions be found?

A

on the growth plates and the epiphyseal cartilage of the articular epiphyseal cartilage complex

240
Q

Etiology of osteochondrosis

A

multifactorial

disturbance of the blood vessels supporting the growing cartilage

genetic backgourn

rapid growth - closing of growth plates depends on age, not body weight

nutrition

241
Q

predisposing factors to osteochondrosis

A

rapid weight gain

ad libitium feeding of gilts, early breeding

strain associated with breeding or transportation

242
Q

clinical signs of osteochondrosis

A

lameness, multiple limbs

dog-like sitting posture (detachemnt of tuber ischii

paralysis of hindquarter (bilateral detachment of the head of the femur)

243
Q

What is osteochondrosis dissecans

A

bone underneath the cartilage of a joint dies due to lack of blood flow. This bone and cartilage can then break loose, causing pain and possibly hindering joint motion.

244
Q

How does ostechondoris occur

A

when, due to blood loss there has been a necrotized area of the cartilage where endochondral ossification does not occur - osteochondrosis manifesta and if a trauma happens the necrotized are will be covered by articualr cartilage

245
Q

Etiology of epiphyseolysis

A

separation of the epiphysis from the metaphysis due to the formation of a horizontal fissure thorugh an abnormal physis

246
Q

etiology of arthritis

A

can be non-infectious or infectious

247
Q

non-infectious arthritis is divided into two groups

A

erosion forming arthritis and non-erosion forming arthritis

248
Q

pathogenesis of erosion forming arthritis?

A

IgG or IgM antibodies+antigens+complemet, anti-ollagen antiboddies, cartilage erosiion, proliferative synovitis, pannus formaiton then arthritis chronica deformans

immune complezes will attach to the articular synovial membranes causing erosions, callus formation and synovitis

249
Q

causes of erosion forming arthtis

A

piglets overfed with protein, abnormal intestinal flora - clostridium perfringens A

250
Q

What can cause a non-erosion-forming arthritis

A

secondary after a systemic infection

lupus, pyometra, dirofiliaris, endocaridits

251
Q

Pathogenesis of non-erosion-forming arthritis

A

immune complexes attaches to synovial blood vessels, thickening of the synovial membranes

252
Q

Bacterias as causitve agents for bacterial arthrits - mainly

A

erysipelas

streptococcus

haemophilus parasius

mycoplasma

253
Q

M. hyorhinis affects

A

3-10 week old or young aduls

254
Q

M. hyosynovia affects

A

3-6months ol animals

255
Q

What is the most common hoof disorder?

A

septic laminitis also known as bush foot

256
Q

pathogenesis of bush foot

A

could be techincal problems: floor, farrowing crate is too small or there is a biotin deficiency

penetrating injury to the sole - locus minoris

inflammation or swelling of the hoof

soft tissue inflammaiton

257
Q

how can foot rot be treated?

A

at a herd level: foot bath, copper sulphate

258
Q
A

Production animal medicine (1 decks)

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