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Linguistics 1 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

linguistics is

A

scientific study of language (uses scientific methods like observation, hypothesis, testing, revision, and development of analysis/theory)

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2
Q

what is language (2 answers)

A

language is subconscious and has been thought of as both a tool for communication and a kind of knowledge

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3
Q

what do you know when you know a language (6 specific)

A

a set of building blocks and rules. the building blocks are phonetics (sounds), phonology (sound patterns), lexicon (mental dictionary), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), and semantics (word meanings)

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4
Q

what is not knowledge of language

A

education, word history, and reading/writing

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5
Q

what is linguistic competence and what is linguistic performance? do they correlate?

A

linguistic competence is your internal knowledge of language (what you CAN do, systematic knowledge of building blocks) while linguistic performance is what you actually do (subject to physical limitations)

they are not the same

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6
Q

what are four features of language

A
  • arbitrariness (meaning== word pronunciation)
  • creativity
  • basic building blocks
  • universal grammar
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7
Q

during development of grammar, all children: (4)

A
  • acquire the language of their environment
  • acquire language spontaneously
  • exhibit “linguistic creativity”
  • stages (???)
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8
Q

what are the stages of language development in children? (5)

A 
babbling 
babbling in specific sounds
single word utterances 
two word utterances
overgeneralization 
(most will acquire by 5)
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9
Q

what are the two types of grammar and how would you describe them?

A

prescriptive: rules of grammar used by teaches (what speakers “should” say)
descriptive: linguistics’ descriptions of language as it is used/ model of the mental grammar (what speakers actually say)

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10
Q

t/f: all naturally occurring dialects have rules

A

true

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11
Q

Language is a collection of ______, and ….

A

dialects

one dialect is typically adopted as standard

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12
Q

“standard” dialect is typically …

A

the dialect of the ruling class. it acquires written form and spelling, pronunciations, lexicon, and grammar are standardized

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13
Q

language varies according to … (8)

A

geography, class, political ideology, age, gender, orientation, situation, time period

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14
Q

what are examples of traits in some dialects of non “standard” english

A 
different subject-verb agreement
third singular “s” in verbs 
regularized verbs
negative concord 
“be” deletion
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15
Q

what did the Eckert study show

A

found strong correlation between social status and “non standard” forms of english (jocks vs. burnouts, jock girls= super standard)

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16
Q

h-deletion in english declines as ___ rises

A

class

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17
Q

what are traits of “good english” according to the government of singapore ? (3)

A

verbs have tense
nouns are marked as singular or plural
words don’t have “lah” “lay” or “loh”

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18
Q

what do discourse particles do in spoken english and other languages

A

they have no semantic meaning. they change tone but not grammatical/prepositional meaning

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19
Q

what is diglossia

A

functionally determined language choices/ knowledge of language. it occurs in situations of longstanding societal bi/multi lingualism

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20
Q

what is linguistic profiling and what study can be used as evidence to support its existence?

A

using the characteristics of a person’s speech to identify them as part of a group

Pernell, Isardi, and Baugh study (examined housing discrimination using AAVE, SAE, and ChE)

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21
Q

language can vary in (2)

A 
dialect
register (level of formality)
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22
Q

what are the functions of “like” outside of a descriptor? (4)

A

quotative complementizer
signal approximation
sentence initial position (functions as a discourse marker and signals exemplification)
focus marker (emphasizes phrase that follows)

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23
Q

people often perceive innovation in language as …

A

deterioration of language

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24
Q

language changes over time as well as

A

in a speaker’s own lifetime

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25
Q

we do not change language overnight and use _______ for a while

A

old and new forms together

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26
Q

is all variation a reflection of change?

A

no, some variation is stable

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27
Q

Change in language over time is reflected in

A

variation at any single time point

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28
Q

what are the two possibilities for age affecting speaking

A
  • age grading (language changes across lifetime due to changes in life like entering the workforce)
  • apparent time hypothesis (assumes that the way we speak is more or less steady throughout our lives, comparing generations allows us to see change as it happens)
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29
Q

sign languages express meanings and convey grammatical features through

A

a visual gesture system (body, hands, facial gestures)

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30
Q

Sign languages confirm that

A

language is a biological ability and cognitive faculty acquired by human beings

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31
Q

Common sign language myths: (4)

A
  • sign language is universal
  • sign language is purely iconic/just gestures
  • sign language merely encodes spoken language
  • sign languages are just strings of hand motions
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32
Q

because language is abstract, we tend to _____

A

talk abstractly

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33
Q

universal patterns in structure/syntax/language: (3)

A
  • orddered linear sentences to convey meaning/inflections on words to convey meaning
  • grammar has limitations conceptually
  • words have arbitrary meanings
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34
Q

brain cells include

A

neurons and glia

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35
Q

the cortex/gray matter is

A

the external “shell” of the brain and is composed of billions of neural cell bodies

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36
Q

corpus callosum is

A

a bundle of axons (whitte matter) that connects the two hemispheres

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37
Q

contralateral control is

A

input from one side of the body is sent to the other side of the brain first

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38
Q

phonology is a pseudoscience that introduced _____

A

localization (specific areas of the brain -> specific functions)

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39
Q

lateralization is

A

cognitive functions are lateralized to specific hemispheres

40
Q

evidence for lateralization

A
  • dichotic listening (two sounds two ears)
  • split brain patients
  • WADA test (numb half brain)
  • Brain imaging techniques (fMRI)
41
Q

Language areas in the left hemisphere

A

broca’s area and wernicke’s area

42
Q

Aphasiology is

A

the study of aphasia (disruption in language ability due to brain injury)

43
Q

Characteristics of Broca’s aphasia (3) also where is it

A
  • speech is broken and halted (telegraphic)
  • words make some sense, but structure is incorrect
  • agrammatic aphasia

frontal lobe

44
Q

Broca’s aphasics and comprehension

A

can understand simple sentences, semantics ok, syntax not ok, comprehension mostly ok

45
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia and where is it

A
  • speech is fluent but doesn’t make sense (complete grammatical sentences)

temporal lobe

46
Q

language involves a ________ after which ________

A

critical period of language acquisition

language acquisition is very difficult/impossible

47
Q

critical periods in other species (3)

A
  • birds learning songs
  • sight development in kittens
  • pecking behavior in chickens
48
Q

we can study lack of exposure to language through

A
  • cases of lunatic of criminal behavior by parents

- accidental situations like illness

49
Q

E Lenneberg (1967) hypothesized ____ based on _____

A

a critical period of language acquisition and maturational changes in brain plasticity

  • studies of recovery after aphasia (children recover well while adults dont)
50
Q

evidence for critical age (neural commitment) hypothesis (4)

A
  • during lang acquisition, brain adapts to the structure of L1 (s)
  • language exposure turns the system to select useful input
  • neurons become committed to encoding linguistically relevant properties of L1
  • neurons cannot be recommitted upon L2 exposure
51
Q

what is an L2?

A

natural language acquired after L1

52
Q

L1 vs L2 have

A

acquisitional differences but not performative differences

53
Q

Wada test results

A

when the left hemisphere is anesthetized, the patient cannot process or produce language

54
Q

wernickes aphasia is aka

A

reflective/semantic aphasia

55
Q

neuroimaging and sign language was used to image______ (3) and showed that ______

A
  • hearing english speakers reading english sentences
  • hearing BSL signers seeing BSL sentences
  • deaf BSL signers seeing BSL sentences

signed and spoken languages both activate broca’s and wernicke’s areas

56
Q

what evidence can be used to show that language ability does not correspond to intelligence

A
  • specific language impairment (SLI): typical IQ range and normal abilities in other areas including speech comprehension andd hearing but have issues with fuctional/grammatical words, may be hard to understand and may start speaking late
  • williams syndrome: limited spacial cognition and motor skills but are very fluent in language
  • language savants: baddd motor skills and typically low IQ but excel in learning languages
57
Q

Phonetics

A

the study of sounds of human speech

58
Q

traits of consonants (3)

A
  • place of articulation
  • voicing
  • manner of articulation
59
Q

traits of vowels (4)

A
  • tongue position
  • tenseness
  • tongue height
  • lip rounding
60
Q

parts of vocal tract we must know (6)

A
  • alveolar ridge
  • hard palate
  • velum/soft palate
  • uvula
  • pharynx
  • glottis
61
Q

places of articulation (9)

A
  • bilabial (p, b, m)
  • labiodentals (f, v)
  • interdentals (th theta and the other one)
  • alveolars (t, d, n, s, z, l, r)
  • palatals (sh, meaSure, ch, dj one like Judge, [j] (y))
  • velars (k, g, ng)
  • uvulars (r in french, q in arabic, g in arabic)
  • glottals (h as in hope, ? as in uh oh)
  • labiovelar (velar and bilabial) ([w])
62
Q

voiced vs voiceless

A

in voiceless sounds, vocal chords are apart and air flows freely though the glottis into the oral cavity

voice sounds: [b], [d], [g], [j], [l], [M], [n], [ng], [r], [sz], THus, [v], [w], [y], [z]

63
Q

methods of articulation

A
  • stops
    • oral stops: [p], [b], [t], [k], [g], [?]
    • nasal stops (velum lowered to open nasal cavity): [m],
      [n], [ng]
  • aspirations [p^h] (same with t and k) voiceless oral in word initial
  • affricates: [ch] [dj]
  • fricatives: [f] [v] [theta] [THus]
  • liquids: [l] [r] (l= lateral, r= retroflex)
  • glides= [j] [w] (very vowel like, j=palatal w= labiovelar)
64
Q

orthography

A

phonetics=/= spelling, symbols may not be pronounced

65
Q

IPA (3)

A
  • one symbol=one sound
  • universal
  • written in brackets
66
Q

what is a phonetic library?

A

sets of sounds in a language (including subsets of consonants and vowels and not including other types of sounds)

67
Q

types of tongue positions and vowels in those types (3)

A
  • front: [i] [I] [e] [bw 3 like bEt] [ae]
  • central: [upsd e] [^] [a]
  • back: [u], [weird u horseshoe], [o], [bw c]
68
Q

tongue height (3)

A
  • high: [i] [I] [u] [horseshoe]
  • mid: [e] [3] [upsd e] [^] [o] [bw c]
  • low: [ae] [a]
69
Q

tense v lax

A
  • tense : standard vowels (i e u o a)

- lax: everything else

70
Q

lip rounding

A

rounded: [u] [horseshoe] [o] [bw c]
not: everything else

71
Q

english doesnt have vowels where the only distinction is

A

lip rounding

72
Q

dipthongs

A

combination of two vowels or a vowel and a glide
[aj] = eye
[bwc j] = boy
[aw] = house

73
Q

natural classes

A

groups of sounds that share particular features

74
Q

syllabic sounds

A

sounds which can function as the nucleus of a syllable (usually vowels in english)

  • marked w [,] (diacritics)
  • can also be marked with schwa [upsd e] + [l/r/m/n]
75
Q

phonetics help characterize

A

differences between dialects

76
Q

Labov (1966) studied

A

[r] dropping as it related to class (word final and preceding another consonant
- perceived as substandard, despite being standard in british english (studied in reading, england)

77
Q

trudgill study

A

received pronunciation

78
Q

what is phonology

A
  • organization of sounds in a given language
  • which sounds are predictable or unpredictable based of environment
  • what is phonetic context which allows us to predict appearance/disappearance of sounds
79
Q

phonetic features in sign language?

A

HS, location, movement, palm orientation

80
Q

tight connection between ____ features and _____ factors

A

phonetic, non linguistic

81
Q

morphology

A

study of words, their structure, function, and distribution

82
Q

what do you know when you know a word ?

A

yes: meaning, arbitrary sounds, syntactic category

possibly not: spelling, etymology

83
Q

morphemes

A

smallest linguistic unit of meaning ( discrete and can be manipulated to build or break down words)

84
Q

types of morphemes

A

free: can stand alone
bound: must be attached to a free morpheme

85
Q

types of free morphemes

A

content/lexical: has clear lexical meaning (n, v, adj), OPEN CLASS
functional: serve grammatical purpose, sometimes difficult to define (pronouns, articles, conjunctions, etc) CLOSED CLASS (typically)

86
Q

brocas aphasia as it relates to morphemes

A

patients left out functional morphemes but retained lexical morphemes

87
Q

types of bound morphemes

A

prefix, suffix, infix

  • inflectional: affects grammar of word, typically doesn’t change a word’s category, typically attaches to a particular category of word, refine meaning
  • derivational: help to derive new word category, typically changes meaning + part of speech, less productive
88
Q

8 examples of inflectional bound morphemes

A

“-s” 3rd singular plural “-s” plural “-s” possessive “-ed” past tense “-ing” progressive “-en/ed” past particible (have + past) “-er” comparative and “-est” superlative

89
Q

can morphemes be applied randomly

A

no, words have structures and our knowledge of language includes knowledge of organizing morphemes within words.

90
Q

certain affixes attach to ____

A

certain types of words (ex: “-able” verbs “-ish” adj/noun)

91
Q

english causative

A

derivational suffix can use verb “make” or “-en” to change category of word

92
Q

circumfixation

A

affixes that surround root initially and finally

93
Q

infix

A

affix inside a root

94
Q

morphology can be used for _____ by _____

A

morphological analysis

comparing and contrasting particularly similar forms and looking for recurring morphemes

95
Q

allomorphy

A

variation in pronunciation of a morpheme based on its environment (ex in english: plural [s])

96
Q

inflection

A

purely grammatical, mark tense/number/gender/case/etc

typically come after derivational morpheme in a word
used in languages other than english

97
Q

reduplication

A

repetition of all or part of an existing word for a variety of functions (used in english for contrast, used in singlish to indicate closeness/comparing/meaning of verb, in italian to indicate intensity)

Linguistics 1 (1 decks)

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