midterm Flashcards
communication:
a process by which information is exchanged between individuals
forms of communication:
- face to face
- verbal
- nonverbal
- written
- electronic
- music + art
why we communicate:
- physical needs
- identity needs
- we interact for pleasure, affection, escape, companionship, relaxation, control
linear communication:
one way communication in which the message flows from sender to receiver
-one way track
transactional communication:
- unique human process
- communicate WITH someone
- complex and reciprocal
- communicator not sender
- back and forth
bad communication is:
- dismissive
- condescending
5 principles of communication:
- can be intentional or unintentional
- is irreversible
- its impossible not to communicate
- is unrepeatable
- has content and relational dimensions
misconceptions of communication:
- more communication is not always better
- successful communication does NOT ALWAYS have shared understanding
- a single person/event does not cause a certain outcome
- communication does not solve all problems
interpersonal:
communication with yourself
internal dialogue
interpersonal:
sending and receiving of communication between two or more people
impersonal:
based on social roles
informal and superficial
on the surface convos
characteristics of competent communication:
- wide range of behaviours
- ability to choose appropriate behaviours
- cognitive complexity (this about it from all sides)
- empathy
- self monitoring
- commitment
motivation:
willingness to communicate with others
tolerance for ambiguity:
makes it possible to accept equivocal and sometimes incomprehensible messages
metacommunication:
refers to communication about the verb and nonverbal messages that communicators send to one another
-communication and communication
the self:
3 dimensions:
- social self (comparison)
- spiritual self
- material self
Self concept:
- subjective description of who you are
- contains values and beliefs
- influences; age, gender, education, media, culture, illness
Values:
what is important to you
-ideas/principles that guide you
self esteem:
part of the self that evaluates our worth
influences: biology, nature, and nurture, events (death, loss)
low self esteem:
need positive external experiences to counteract the negative internal feelings and thoughts
- tend to view life negatively, resulting in belief they are worthless, hopeless, unmotivated
- unrealistic expectations
- poor coping skills (destructive)
- tend to stay in unhealthy relationships
high self esteem:
positive thoughts
- assertive
- able to form secure and honest relationships
- realistic in expectations
- more resilient and better coping skills
self-fulfilling prophecy:
never ending cycle of; others beliefs about us, cause others actions towards us, which reinforce our beliefs about ourselves and influence our actions towards others
identity management:
public vs private self
- deliberate vs unconscious decisions
- online vs in person persona
- physical appearance
communication and the self:
self-analysis relates to interpersonal communication
-what you think about yourself both reflect and affect your communication with others
personality:
characteristic ways that you think you behave across a variety of situations
characteristics of self-concept:
- is subjective (its our own beliefs)
- can be distorted (unrealistic)
- there is no perfection in self concept
- social expectations influence self concept
how to change your self concept:
- have a realistic perception of yourself
- have realistic expectations
- have the will to change
- have the skills to change
diversity:
all the potential things around us
gender:
refers to the social, psychological and behavioural expectations that are placed on us by society
sex:
biological dimensions on which we are defined as female or male
self imposed prophecy:
occurs when your own expectation influence your behaviour
other imposed prophecy:
where your actions are governed by the expectations that others have for you
characteristics of identity management:
we strive to construct multiple identities
- identity management is collaborative
- identity management can be deliberate or unconscious
perception:
process where we assign meaning to the world around us
selection in perception processing:
first stage, where data is chosen to attend to or ignored
organization of perception processing:
stage that involves arranging data in a meaningful way
perceptual schemata:
cognitive framework that allows individuals to organize data that they have selected from the environment (physical, interaction, psychological)
interpretation
= selection + organization
factors that influence interpretation:
degree of involvement, past experience, assumptions, attitude, knowledge, self-concept, relational satisfaction
factors that influence perception:
media, age, hunger, fatigue, halo effect, gender, culture, assumptions, first impressions
selection:
the data to which we attend to
-motives also influence what is selected from our environment
interpretation :
attaching meaning to sense data
-plays a role in virtually every interpersonal act
negotiation:
occurs between and among people as they influence one another’s perception and try to achieve a shared perspective
common tendencies in perception:
attribution
- we judge ourselves more charitably than others
- we cling to first impressions
- we assume others are similar to us
- we are influenced by the obvious
empathy:
ability to recreate another persons perspective
perspective taking:
an attempt to understand the viewpoint of another person
empathy is emotional:
helps you build a connection
sympathy:
means you feel compassion for another persons situation from your own perspective
cognitive complexity:
ability to construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an issue
- offer several explanations
- connection with empathy
semantic rules:
governs the meaning that is assigned to words
-dictionary meaning of words
equivocal language:
consists of words that have more than one commonly accepted definition
-refers to word orders/phrases
relative words:
gain their meaning through comparison
-slow, fast, pain, stupid, short/long
static evaluation:
statements that contain or imply the word “is” leas to the mistaken assumption that people are consistent and unchanging
abstraction:
vague and unclear language
behavioural language:
refers specifically to things that people do or say
syntactic rules:
governs the grammar of a language
pragmatic rules:
help us understand how a message is to be interpreted within a context
denotative:
dictionary meaning of a word
connotative:
refers to what a particular word or phrase means to you
naming and identity:
names shape the way others think of us, the way we view ourselves and the way we act
language and sensitivity:
person-first approach; you do not identify the individuals by the group to which they belong, or by anything like that; promotes inequality (use inclusive language)
affiliation:
how we speak can also build and demonstrate solidarity with others; alter speech, vocabulary, choice, politeness when speaking to people
convergence:
process of adapting one’s speech style to another
divergence;
speaking in a way that emphasized their differences
-using professional terms to demonstrate knowledge and how different they are
power:
can be overbearing or be seen as confident; dynamic
-need to be able to be polite and powerful
fast-inference confusion:
opinions or conclusions based on a speaker’s belief; assumptions are presented as if they are fact
emotive language:
appears to describe something but really announces the speakers attitude towards something
nonverbal communication;
body language, vocal cues, touch, appearance, physical space, environment
body orientation:
degree in which we face towards or away from someone with our body
posture::
the way we carry ourselves
gestures:
movement with our arms and hands
types of listening:
passive, active
benefits to listening:
builds trust, broadens approach, strengthens patience, increases knowledge, helps solve problems
what makes a good listener:
active in trying to understand what is going on, involved in nonverbal skills
elements of active listening:
hearing, attending, understanding, responding, remembering
hearing:
sound waves enter through the ear to the brain; passive ash
