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U of M Biology 1030 midterm > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

which of the following is a characteristic of most animals?

  • they can have cell walls
  • they can be unicellular or mulitcellular
  • they have an alternation of generations of life cycle
  • they have adult tissues that develop from germ layers
A

-they have adult tissues that develop from germ layers

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2
Q

Which of the follow body axis is correctly matched with the type of body symmetry it is seen in?

  • asymmetry: Dorsal-ventrical axis
  • asymmetry: Oral-aboral axis
  • radial symmetry: anterior-posterior axis
  • bilateral symmetry: oral-aboral axis
  • bilateral symmetry: Anterior-posterior axis
A

Bilateral symmetry: Anterior- posterior axis

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3
Q

What differentiates all Eumetazoa from Parazoa

A

Eumetazoa have cells organized into true tissues, while Parazoa do not

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4
Q

at which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?

A

Gastrulation

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5
Q

What character trait is SHARED between the mollusca and nematoda?

A

Protostome development

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6
Q

what characteristive trait is SHARED between the Cnidaria and Echinodermata?

A

True tissues

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7
Q

Which of the follow description best describes an animal in the phylum Cnidaria?

  • Radially symmetrical, with two embryonic tissue layers and a well developed brain
  • Radially symmetrical, with two embryonic tissue layers and an incomplete gut.
  • Radially symmetrical, with three embryonic tissue layers and an incomplete gut.
A

radially symmetrical with two embryonic tissue layers and am incomplete gut

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8
Q

which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms?

  • secondary radial symmetry
  • spiral cleavage
  • gastovascular cavity
  • exoskeleton
A

Secondary radial symmetry

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9
Q

In a small animal that lives in the spaces between soil particles, my many many friends and I make short work of rotting fruit such as fallen apples under a tree. I have a body cavity that is NOT completely surrounded by mesodermally derived tissue. I have a thin, flexible covering that helps protect me.

A

Round worm

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10
Q

A studen observes a worm like organism crawling about on dead organic matter. Later, the organism sheds its outer covering. One possibility is that the organism is a larval insect. On the other hand, it might be a member of which phylum, and one way to distinguish between two possibillies is by looking for the presence of________.

A

Nematoda; a circulatory system

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11
Q

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a studen encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. the stuedent rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embyro develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probaby belonged to _______.

A

Mollusc

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12
Q

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals orginated, from earliest to most recent?

1) tetrapods
2) vertebrates
3) Deutrostomes
4) Amniotes
5) Bilaterians

A 
5-3-4-2-1
Bilaterians
deutrostomes
amniotes
vertebrates
tetrapods
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13
Q

while scuba diving in West Hawk lake you discover a new speicies of worm. Your observations of this free living specimen includ the external apperance of multiple rings, a smooth body wall with no setae or appedages, flattened in cross section and a complete digestive tract. Your new discovery is likely a ____________.

A

Hirudinean (phylum- Annelida, leaches)

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14
Q

What is the newest evidence leading to the phylogenetic tree we drew in class?

A

Molecular data

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15
Q

An advantage of asexual reproduction is that______.

A

asexual reproduction enable the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species

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16
Q

All individuals of a particular species of whiptail lizards are females. their reproductive efforts depend on ______.

A

meiosis followed by a doubling of the chromosomes in eggs.

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17
Q

a species that has functional testes and function ovaries is called a??

A

Hermaphrodite

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18
Q

Which of the following events INITIATES the fast block to polyspermy?

  • sperm contact with the jelly layer
  • sperm contact with cell membrane
  • the acrosome reaction
  • the increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration
A

-sperm contact with the cell membrane

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19
Q

In vertebrate animals, how are spermatogenesis and oogeneis different?

A

Cytrokinesis is unequal in oogenesis producing cells of differen sizes, whereas it is equal in spermatogensis

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20
Q 
Which of the following are diploid?
-oogonium
primary spermatocyte
secondayr oocyte
spermatid
A

oogonium

primary spermatocyte

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21
Q

The yolk of the frog egg____.

A

supports the higher rate of cleavage at the animal pole compared tot he vegetal pole

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22
Q

What environment is the most ideal for broadcast spawning?

A

Saltwater marsh

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23
Q

Which of the following is a result of gasturalation?

  • formation of the blastopoe
  • movement of mesoermal tissue into the middle layer of the embryo
  • formation of the archenteron
  • the movement of endordermal tissue into the inner layer of the embryo
A

ALL

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24
Q

What is a true tissue type found in adult animals?

A

Epithelium

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25
Q

Where would you expect to find a simple squamous epithelum in a mammal?

A

Lining of the lungs

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26
Q

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by ______. muscles

A

smooth muscles

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27
Q

The nucleus of a typical nerve cell is found in the______.

A

Cell body

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28
Q

Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues with out first returning to the heart?

  • Amphibians
  • birds
  • fishes
  • mammals
A

Fishes

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29
Q

a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds is a ________ system

A

portal system

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30
Q

In which cellular process consumes oxygen and is the driving cause for respiration?

A

The Electron transport chain

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31
Q

why are some nutrients are considered “essential” in the diets of certain animals?

A

They can not be manufactured by the oroganisms

32
Q

To leave the diegestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of food processing does this take place?

A

Abosorption

33
Q

Which of the following animals use intracellular digestion?

  • sponge
  • cnidarian
  • flat worm
  • dog
A

ALL of them

34
Q

What is the advantage of eating food in smaller pieces rather than whole?

A

the same amount of foo would have increased surface area on which enzymes can work

35
Q

Physical anthropologists locating the jaw bones of previously unknown mammal fossils are often able to assess the animal’s diet especially because of clues from?

A

the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth

36
Q

why are cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material?

A

they have cellulose-degesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chamber of their stomachs

37
Q

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because________

A

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume

38
Q

how is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans?

A

Bicarbonate ions in the plasma

39
Q

Where do air breathing insects carry out gas exchange

A

Across the membranes of the cells

40
Q

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of_______. [

A

proteins an nucleic acids.

41
Q

The neurotransmitters that are released from the presynaptic terminals are synthesize in which region of the neuron

A

Cell BODY

42
Q

What is the colonial ancestor protist for all animals?

A

Choanoflagelates

43
Q

Which of the following is a general characteristic of all animals?

  • they are multicellular
  • they have diploid gametes
  • they are autotrophic
  • they have a haploidiplonitc life cylce
A

they are multicellular

44
Q

which phyla contains the largest number of species?

A

Arthopoda

45
Q

What character trait is shared between Cnidaria and Chorodata?

A

True Tissues

46
Q

What character trait is shared between Platyelminthese and arthropoda

A

protostome development

47
Q

The presence of absence of true tissue separates which two groups of animals?

A

Parazoa and Eumetazoa

48
Q

The fate of the blastopore system esparates which two groups of animals?

A

Protostomia and Dueterstomia

49
Q

Corals are colonial organisms in which all individuals look and function the same. Which of the following terms refers to these types of similar individuals?
-Autozooid
-gastrozooid
dactylozooid

A

Autozooid

50
Q

what type of worm is small, has a body cavity which is not completely lined with mesoder, unsegmented and posses a cuticle?

A

Round worm

51
Q

which subphylum of arthropoda has members that have homonomous segmentation (no tagmata)

A

Myriapoda (millipede/centipede)

52
Q

which class of flat worms consists of the free-living (non parasitic) species

A

Turbellaria

53
Q

Out of the phyla discussed in class, the bachiodopa are the only taxon that contains what structure?

A

Lophophore

54
Q

Under which conditions would an animal choose sexual reproduction(assuming of course that the animal is capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction)

A

When there is a lot of competition for resources

55
Q

What form of asexual reproduction describes when an animal divides itself in half with each half regenerating into a separate animal?

A

Fission

56
Q

what cell type is released during human ovulation?

  • Oogonium
  • primary oocyte
  • secondary oocyte
  • ootid
  • ovum
A

secondary oocyte

57
Q

what initiates the fast block to polyspermy?

A

Sperm contact with the cell membrane

58
Q

what condition is the most costly for the mother but offers the greatest increase of surival for offspring

A

Vibiparity

59
Q

which of the following is a true tissue type you can find in an adult animal?

  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm
  • pinacoderm
  • epithelium
A

epithelium

60
Q

which of the following tissues is classified as a connective tissue?

  • bone
  • cartilage
  • blood
  • fat tissue
A

All of them

61
Q

what type of epithelium consits of many layers of short, wide cells?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

62
Q

what is the advantage of a closed circulatory system over an open circulatory system?

A

higher blood pressure
greater blood flow
more oxygen delivery to the tissues

63
Q

how many of the following groups of verterbreates have three chambered heart

  • fish
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals
A

2 (amphibians and reptiles)

64
Q

you have just found a mammal skull while hiking in riding mountain park and notice that it has several very pronounced molars bu completely lacks canines. what was the most likely diet of this animal when it was alive?

A

herbivorous

65
Q

what group of muscle cells recieve the same neural stimuli and always contract simultaneously?

A

motor Unit

66
Q

For a nueron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of K+ down their concentration gradient would result in_____.

A

hyperpolarization of the neauron

67
Q

Which part of the neuron is the action potential first generated?

A

Axon hilock

68
Q

The operation of the sodium-potassium “pump” moves_________.

A

Sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

69
Q

in the sequence of permeability changes for a complete action potential, what is the first of these events that occurs?

A

The opening of voltage-gates sodium channels

70
Q

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminal of _______.

A

Motor neuron axons

71
Q

Jack riddle

Which event would have happened if jack burnt his right toe?

A

Jack’s right flexor muscle would contract
jacks left extensor muscle would contract
jcks withdrawl reflex would have been initiated
jacks brain would be the last to know

72
Q

When examining the chemicals released during Jack’s response, where would you expect to find the release of GABA? again assume that it was jacks right foot on fire

A

the synapse between the inhibitory interneuron and the motor neuron leading to the right extensor muscle.

73
Q

what is the role of calcium in muscle contractions?

A

calsium binds to the troponin complex, which leads to the exposure of the myosin-binding sites.

74
Q

what is the correct sequence that occurs during the excitation and the contraction of a muscle cell?

  1. tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
  2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
  3. Traverse (T) tubules depolarize the sacroplasmic reticulum.
  4. Actomyosin crossbridges form
  5. an action potential in a motor neauron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane
A

53214

75
Q 
which of the following animals has an exoskeleton?
sea urchin
butterfly
round worm
turtle
A

butterfly

U of M Biology 1030 midterm (1 decks)

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