Midterm Flashcards
Fragment
The main clause lacks a subject so that the sentence is incomplete
Comma Splice
Two independent clauses are joined with a mere comma when that need a semicolon or a conjunction + a comma.
Fused Sentence
Two independent clauses run together without any punctuation, when they need either a semicolon or separation into two sentences.
Run-on sentence
Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction, without a comma
Pronoun-antecedent agreement
Pronoun does not agree in number with its antecedent
Subject-verb agreement
The subject does not agree in number with its verb
Dangling modifier
A sentence fails to convey sense in reading because a participial phrase or other construction does not clearly modify the correct word
Pronoun reference Fault
A pronoun fails to refer accurately to its antecedent
Passive voice
Avoid writing in passive voice instead of active voice
Expletives
Rely on expletives sparingly (There are, it is, these are)
Montaigne
Wrote “Of cannibals,” “Apology for Raymond Sebond”
Etymology
Tentative, informal
What is an essay?
A moderately brief prose discussion of a restricted topic
Sir Francis Bacon
Wrote “Of Truth,” “Of Studies”
Concise, ultra-logical
Formal
Types of essays
Formal and informal
Formal Essay
Tightly unified, logical
Objective
Dignified tone, elevated style
Informal Essay
Subjective, personal tone
Style more important than logic
Addison and Steele
The Spectator (1709)
Massively influential
Easy tone, informal
Reformed morals of society
Samuel Johnson
The Rambler (1751-52) Highly formal, elevated syntax, diction
George Orwell (1903-1950)
Orwell- pen name English, born in india Writer Journalist Socialist leanings Novelist "Animal Farm" (1945) "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949) Colonial experience Served as a policeman under the Raj "Burmese Days" (1934) "Shooting an Elephant" (1936)
Diction
word choice
Reading, writing, thinking, and speaking are all ____.
Interconnected; if you improve one, you will improve the others.
What is critical reading?
Analysis, synthesis, evaluation
Actively reading, not passively reading
What are the four types of paragraphs?
Intro, concluding, main body paragraphs, transitional paragraphs
Good paragraphs are what?
Mini essays