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patho2- 2nd mid > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

True for Prostate Cancer (2 correct answers):

a. ) Generally derived from Peripheral Parenchyma
b. ) It ancient name is “Hypernephroma”
c. ) Its precancerous lesion is prostate hyperplasia
d. ) Rectal digital examination itself is not specific enough to confirm the diagnosis of prostate cancer

A

a. ) Generally derived from Peripheral Parenchyma
d. ) Rectal digital examination itself is not specific enough to confirm the diagnosis of prostate cancer

According to Pathoma - Prostate

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2
Q

Most common histological type of malignant urinary bladder tumors is urothelial cell carcinoma.(TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

According to Pathoma - Lower UT Carcinoma

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3
Q

What is Krukenberg Tumor?

a. ) Primary tumor of the ovary
b. ) Ovarian Metastasis of signet ring cell carcinoma
c. ) Metastasis of small cell carcinoma in the body of the uterus
d. ) Ovarian Metastasis of small cell carcinoma
e. ) Metastasis of signet ring cell carcinoma in the body of the uterus
b. ) Ovarian Metastasis of signet ring cell carcinoma

A

b.) Ovarian Metastasis of signet ring cell carcinoma

According to Pathoma - Ovary
Most commonly from Diffuse Gastric Carcinoma origin

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4
Q

Glomerular disease with crescent formation in glomeruli:

a. ) Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
b. ) Minimal change disease
c. ) Membranous Nephropathy
d. ) PSGN

A

d.) PSGN

According to Pathoma - Nephritic Syndrome, PSGN can progress to RPGN -presents classically as Crescent + Robbins 10E Page 560 mentions PSGN can also presents Crescent.

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5
Q

Testicular Tumors occur commonly in cryptorchidism. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

According to Pathoma - Testis.
Cryptorchidism: Higher Temp in Abdomen→ Seminoma Risk↑

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6
Q

Chronic Renal Failure might cause the Hyperplasia of:

a. ) Pancreas
b. ) Thyroid
c. ) Adrenal
d. ) Parathyroid

A

d.) Parathyroid

According to Pathoma - Chronic Renal Failure.
(Hypocalcemia→Stimulus for Parathyroid↑ → Renal Osteodystrophy + Parathyroid Hyperplasia)

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7
Q

Which histological element is the Gleason system based on?

a. ) Morphological Structure of Malignant Glands
b. ) Number of Mitosis
c. ) Degree of Cellular Atypia
d. ) Ratio of Necrosis

A

a.) Morphological Structure of Malignant Glands

According to Robbins 10E page 700

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8
Q

Mostly affected age group of seminoma?

a. ) 20-40 yrs
b. ) <20yrs
c. ) >40 yrs

A

c.) >40 yrs

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9
Q

True for ovarian high grade serous carcinoma, EXCEPT:

a. ) Low grade serous carcinoma is its precursor lesion
b. ) Most of them are p53 Positive
c. ) STIC in the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube is its precursor lesion
d. ) Often occurs in carriers of BRCA germ cell mutation

A

c.) STIC in the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube is its precursor lesion

According to Robbins 10E Page 732 - Serous Tumors of Ovary. In Page 727 There is a reference to STIC but only as the precursor of FALLOPIAN tube serous high grade Carcinoma

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10
Q

Type of metastasis formation of renal cell carcinoma:

a. ) Transperitoneal
b. ) Hematogenous, Portal type
c. ) Lymphogenous
d. ) Hematogenous, Caval type

A

d.) Hematogenous, Caval type

According to Pathoma - Renal Cancer. This is the reason for Left-sided Varicocele as a complication - the tumor backs up to the left gonadal vein.

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11
Q

What are the koilocytes?(2 answers)

a. ) Inclusion containing cells
b. ) Invasive cancer cells
c. ) Cells with clear halo around the nucleus
d. ) Dissociated tumor cells
e. ) HPV infected cells

A

c. ) Cells with clear halo around the nucleus
e. ) HPV infected cells

According to Pathoma -Cervix Pathology:
HPV Infection→Persistent Infection→CIN with Koilocytic Change:”Cells with clear halo around the nucleus”

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12
Q

Most common congenital anomaly of the kidney:

a. ) Hypoplasia
b. ) Oligomeganephronia
c. ) Horseshoe kidney
d. ) Agenesis

A

c.) Horseshoe kidney

According to Pathoma - Congenital Renal Pathology

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13
Q

Most important acute complication of tubal pregnancy:

a. ) Inflammation
b. ) Infertility
c. ) Rupture of fallopian tube and intra-abdominal bleeding
d. ) Tuboovarian abscess

A

c.) Rupture of fallopian tube and intra-abdominal bleeding

According to Pathoma - Gestational Pathology; Ectopic Pregnancy. This is the reason it is a surgical emergency

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14
Q

Predispose for pyelonephritis, EXCEPT:

a. ) Traumas of urethra during sexual intercourse in women
b. ) Sepsis
c. ) Glomerulonephritis
d. ) Lower UTI
e. ) Vesicoureteric Reflux

A

c.) Glomerulonephritis

According to a Urologist: “Glomerulonephritis is always contained in the Nephron and cannot reach the Renal Pelvis. Sepsis is a complication of Pyelonephritis but can sometimes at rare cases can be the cause of it”
Also Robbins 10E page 565 upper right corner confirms it!

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15
Q

Abdominal CT scan reveals a solid roundish lesion of 3 cm within the kidney. The lesion is most probably:

a. ) Abscess
b. ) Benign Tumor
c. ) Infarct
d. ) Malignant Tumor

A

d.) Malignant Tumor

According to Robbins 10E Pages 578-580.
“Clear cell Carcinoma (Most common form of renal carcinoma) usually are solitary and large when symptomatic (Spherical masses 3-15 cm in diameter” , “These neoplasm represent 80-85% of renal neoplasms”, “benign neoplasms …. (<0.5 cm in diameter)”.

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16
Q

Most common tumor of the body of the uterus:

a. ) Leiomyoma
b. ) Adenocarcinoma
c. ) Stromal Sarcoma
d. ) Adenosquamous carcinoma
e. ) Brenner tumor

A

a.) Leiomyoma

According to Robbins 10E Page 725 - “Leiomyomas are the most common benign tumor in females affecting 30%-50% …” This is not a definitive confirmation but that’s what I also remember from class.

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17
Q

Can cause abnormal uterine bleeding, EXCEPT:

a. ) Leiomyoma
b. ) Endometrial Polyp
c. ) Endometrial Hyperplasia
d. ) Small Cell Carcinoma

A

d.) Small Cell Carcinoma

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18
Q

Can cause abnormal uterine bleeding (2):

a. ) Leiomyoma
b. ) Adenomyosis
c. ) Paraovarian cyst
d. ) Endosalpingiosis

A

a. ) Leiomyoma
b. ) Adenomyosis

According to Robbins 10E page 722 Table 19.2

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19
Q

Condyloma Accuminatum is a malignant epithelial tumor (a) because it originates from the endometrium (b):

a. ) The first statement is correct, the second is not
b. ) The second statement is correct, the first is not
c. ) Both are correct, but (b) does not explain (a)
d. ) Both are correct, but (a) does not explain (b)
e. ) Both are false

A

d.) Both are false

According to Pathoma - Vulva Pathology
Condyloma Accuminatum is a lesion of Vulvar or Anal skin that arises from HPV 6/11 infection and is Benign warty lesion that rarely progresses to Carcinoma.

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20
Q

Typical macroscopic appearance of clear cell kidney cancer:

a. ) Firm grey, infiltrative tumor
b. ) Soft yellowish tumor with expansive growth
c. ) Cauliflower-shaped tumor, filling the lumen of the pyelon
d. ) Soft yellowish tumor with infiltrative growth

A

b.) Soft yellowish tumor with expansive growth

According to Robbins 10E page 579 (Green - Morphology Part)

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21
Q

Risk factor of Cystitis, EXCEPT:

a. ) Diabetes
b. ) Pregnancy
c. ) Hypertension
d. ) Urinary Tract Obstruction
e. ) Female Gender

A

c.) Hypertension

According to Pathoma - UTI - risk factors include: Female Gender, Urinary Stasis.
Also According to NHS - Diabetes and Pregnancy are a risk factor - https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystitis/

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22
Q
  1. The first site of metastases from uterine cervix cancer:
    a. Inguinal lymph nodes
    b. Paraaortic lymph nodes
    c. Omentum
    d. Pelvic Lymph nodes
A

d. Pelvic Lymph nodes

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23
Q
  1. Which clinical features rise the possibility of inherited BRCA mutation (2 answers)?
    a. Metachronous breast and ovarian cancers
    b. Postmenopausal lobular carcinoma of the breast
    c. Positive Familial history for breast cancer
    d. Congenital ovarian teratoma
A

a. Metachronous breast and ovarian cancers
c. Positive Familial history for breast cancer

According to Pathoma - Breast Cancer: Suggesting clinical features are Familial history, Multiple tumors and tumors in premenopausal age.

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24
Q
  1. What causes the “chocolate cyst”?
    a. Endometriosis of the Ovary
    b. Anemic infarction of the ovary
    c. Bleeding of the dermoid cyst in the ovary
    d. Hemorrhagic infarction of the ovary
A

a. Endometriosis of the Ovary

According to Pathoma - Endometrium Pathology

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25
Q

Inflammation of the glans of the penis:

a. Phallitis
b. Glansitis
c. Balanitis
d. Penitis

A

c. Balanitis

https: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/balanitis/

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26
Q

Predispose to endometrial adenocarcinoma:

a. Extrauterine gravidity
b. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy
c. HPV infection
d. Leiomyoma

A

b. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy

According to Pathoma - Endometrium Pathology: Estrogen is the cause of the Hyperplastic pathway towards carcinoma which is typical for 50+ age.

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27
Q

The Paget-disease of the breast:

a. Breast cancer with exulceration of the skin
b. Breast cancer with diffuse lymphogenic invasion
c. In-situ carcinoma spreading into the epidermis of the nipple
d. In situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the breast

A

c. In-situ carcinoma spreading into the epidermis of the nipple

According to Pathoma - Breast Cancer

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28
Q

Testicular tumor with benign behavior:

a. Seminoma
b. Yolk sac tumor
c. Postpubertal Teratoma
d. Prepubertal Teratoma

A

d. Prepubertal Teratoma

According to Robbins 10E 696 green morphology part

29
Q

Endometriosis of the colon can mimic cancer. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768254/

30
Q

Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate is a precancerosis. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

According to Pathoma - Prostate Pathology

31
Q

Histological features of breast cancer indicating typically poor prognosis (2 answers):

a. Lymphovascular Invasion
b. High Mitotic Count
c. Intense mucin production
d. High rate of tubulus formation

A

a. Lymphovascular Invasion
b. High Mitotic Count

According to Pathoma - Breast Cancer :TNM staging

32
Q

Which cell type composes the mole disease?

a. Endometrial glandular epithelium
b. Decidual stroma cell
c. Trophoblasts
d. Smooth muscle cell of the myometrium

A

c. Trophoblasts

According to Pathoma - Gestational Pathology

33
Q

The most serious acute complication of extrauterine gravidity:

a. Intraabdominal abscess
b. Choriocarcinoma
c. Torsion of the ovary
d. Intra-abdominal bleeding

A

d. Intra-abdominal bleeding

According to Pathoma - Gestational Pathology

34
Q

Which ovarian tumor can cause pseudomyxoma peritonei?

a. Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
b. Dermoid cyst
c. Brenner tumor
d. Serous cystadenofibroma

A

a. Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomyxoma_peritonei
* But more common from appendix adenocarcinoma ( also mentioned in pathoma as a metastatic ovarian tumor)

35
Q

Which microscopic features are characteristic for simplex endometrial hyperplasia?

a. Papillary epithelium without atypia
b. Cystic Glands, proliferative epithelium without atypia
c. Confluent glands with necrosis
d. Normal glands without mitoses

A

b. Cystic Glands, proliferative epithelium without atypia

https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia
* According to Pathoma - Endometrium, the atypia is the most important prognostic factor here hence the simplex part since there is no atypia.

36
Q

Premalignant lesion in the breast:

a. Adenosis
b. LCIS
c. Apocrine metaplasia
d. Florid ductal hyperplasia

A

d. Florid ductal hyperplasia

According to Pathoma - Breast Pathology
Ductal Hyperplasia is a benign lesion of breast that increases the chances of malignancy by 2. Also the following wiki-link explains that “Florid” is a synonym- https://librepathology.org/wiki/Florid_epithelial_hyperplasia

37
Q

Typical symptom of mastitis carcinomatosa:

a. Retraction of the mamilla
b. Palpable lump in the breast
c. Bloody discharge from the mamilla
d. Peau d’orange sign

A

d. Peau d’orange sign

Mastitis carcinomatosa is actually Inflammatory Breast Carcinoma (Ductal) and It has the “Peel of Orange sign”

https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peau_d%27orange
https: //www.researchgate.net/figure/59-year-old-patient-with-mastitis-carcinomatosa-inflammatory-carcinoma-finally_fig2_259337672

38
Q

Which of the following tumor types can NOT occur in the testes?

a. Teratoma
b. Krukenberg Tumor
c. Choriocarcinoma
d. Yolk sac tumor
e. Seminoma

A

b. Krukenberg Tumor

39
Q

In the adult apparently differentiated mature teratomas, especially in males, should be treated as a malignant tumor. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

40
Q

Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast grows in “indian file”. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

According to Pathoma - Breast Cancer: “ Single File” or “Indian File” refers to Invasive LOBULAR carcinoma.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-detail-of-the-typical-Indian-file-growth-pattern-of-breast-lobular-invasive-carcinoma_fig2_6932050

41
Q

what is the criteria for borderline tumor of the ovary:

a. has benign and malignant component, as well
b. shows malignant or benign behavior in 50% - 50% of the cases, respectively
c. the histological appearance is malignant without invasion of the stroma.
d. contains surface epithelium and others
e. Never affects tissues beyond the ovaries

A

c. the histological appearance is malignant without invasion of the stroma.

42
Q

Dysgerminoma of the ovary is identical with seminoma of the testis. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

43
Q

Most common tumors in the ovary are the germ cell tumors. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

According to Pathoma - Ovary: Surface Epithelial Tumors are the most common.

44
Q

Breast cancer with good prognosis:

a. Mucinous Carcinoma
b. Invasive ductal carcinoma grade 1
c. Metaplastic carcinoma
d. Invasive micropapillary carcinoma

A

a. Mucinous Carcinoma

According to Pathoma - Breast Cancer

45
Q

Which infection is frequently associated with CIN?

a. Herpes virus type II
b. Human Papillomavirus 33
c. Chlamydia trachomatis
d. Gardnerella vaginalis
e. Trichomonas vaginalis

A

b. Human Papillomavirus 33

According to Pathoma - Cervix Pathology: The high risk types are 16,18,31,33.

46
Q

Condyloma latum is caused by the most infectious HPV strains. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

47
Q

Caused by chlamydia, EXCEPT:

a. Trachoma
b. Psittacosis
c. Lymphgranulosum venereum
d. Q- Fever
e. Non-gonococcal urethritis

A

d. Q- Fever

According to Sketchy Micro: Coxiella burnetii is the cause of Q- Fever

48
Q
  1. Complications of tubal gravidity, EXCEPT:
    a. Hematosalpinx
    b. Hematoma rectouterina
    c. Myoma Uteri
    d. Acute abdomen
A

c. Myoma Uteri

According to Wikipedia : Tubal Gravidity (Fallopian Tube ectopic Pregnancy) is no a risk factor for Myoma (Leiomyoma) of the uterus.

https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_fibroid
- -

49
Q

Typical for condyloma accuminatum (2 answers)

a. Macroscopically it is only papillary
b. Koilocytes
c. Has a berry-like appearance
d. Is caused by an infection by HBV

A

a. Macroscopically it is only papillary
b. Koilocytes

According to Pathoma - Vulva pathology

50
Q

HPV virus causes (2 answers)

a. Cervical Carcinoma
b. Condyloma latum
c. Verruca vulgaris
d. Trachoma

A

a. Cervical Carcinoma
c. Verruca vulgaris

According to Pathoma - Vulva and Cervix.
Verruca vulgaris is a synonym for common wart simillar to Condyloma Accuminatum. Through Persistent HPV infection the CIN pathway could yield a Cervical Carcinoma.
Wiki extra for Wart - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wart
–

51
Q
  1. Germinal ovarian tumor (2 answers)
    a. Teratoma
    b. Dysgerminoma
    c. Androblastoma
    d. Serous cystadenocarcinoma
A

a. Teratoma
b. Dysgerminoma

According to Pathoma - Ovary
Also Wiki for Androblastoma - Sex Cord Stromal Tumor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertoli%E2%80%93Leydig_cell_tumour
Serous cystadenocarcinoma - Epithelial Ovarian Tumor

52
Q

HPV 16 and 18 play a role in the development of cervical carcinoma (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

According to Pathoma - Cervix.
also HPV 31 AND 33.

53
Q

Among the following, the testicular tumor is:

a. Granulosa cell tumor
b. Choriocarcinoma
c. Papillary carcinoma
d. Yolk Sac Tumor

A

b. Choriocarcinoma
d. Yolk Sac Tumor

According to Pathoma - Testis
Papillary carcinoma is a type of Thyroid Carcinoma
Granulosa Cell Tumor is an Ovarian Carcinoma

54
Q

True for peau d’orange

a. Often occurs in estrogen-receptor positive breast cancers
b. Happens in intraductal carcinoma
c. Shows good prognosis
d. Occurs due to a sclerosing adenosis
e. Is a sign of Invasive Breast cancer

A

e. Is a sign of Invasive Breast cancer

According to Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peau_d%27orange
This is more specifically a sign of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of inflammatory Type.

55
Q

Most common of the benign changes of the breast (2 answers):

a. Fibrocystic Changes
b. Juvenile papillomatosis
c. Fibroadenoma
d. Galactorrhea

A

a. Fibrocystic Changes
c. Fibroadenoma

According to Pathoma - Breast.
Fibrocystic Changes - Most common Change*
Fibroadenoma - Most common Benign Tumor

56
Q

The most common histological type of ovarian carcinoma:

a. Brenner tumor
b. Clear cell carcinoma
c. Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
d. Serous Adenocarcinoma
e. Endometrioid carcinoma

A

d. Serous Adenocarcinoma

According to Pathoma - Ovary

57
Q

Call-Exner bodies are typical for:

a. Serous cystadenocarcinoma
b. Dysgerminoma
c. Granulosa cell tumor
d. Sertoli cell tumor
e. Malignant teratoma

A

c. Granulosa cell tumor

According to Wiki - Call-Exner bodies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call-Exner_bodies

58
Q

Main risk factor for urothelial carcinoma:

a. Bacterial infection
b. Sexually transmitted diseases
c. HPV infection
d. Smoking

A

d. Smoking

According to Pathoma - Lower Urinary Tract Carcinoma

59
Q

Histological characteristic of end-stage-kidney, EXCEPT:

a. Glomerulus Hypertrophy
b. Interstitial fibrosis
c. Glomerulosclerosis
d. Thyroidisation

A

a. Glomerulus Hypertrophy

60
Q

Causes Nephritic syndrome, EXCEPT:

a. IgA-Nephropathy
b. Minimal Change Disease
c. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
d. Crescentic glomerulonephritis

A

b. Minimal Change Disease

61
Q

Urothelial carcinoma has high risk of local recurrence. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

According to Pathoma - Lower Urinary Tract Carcinoma

62
Q

Possible causes of secondary membranous glomerulonephritis (2 correct):

a. Hepatorenal syndrome
b. Malignancy
c. SLE
d. Shock

A

b. Malignancy
c. SLE

63
Q

Characteristic microscopic alterations in Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome (2 correct):

a. Nodular Glomerulosclerosis
b. Arteriolosclerosis
c. Granular IgG positivity
d. Mesangial Proliferation

A

a. Nodular Glomerulosclerosis
b. Arteriolosclerosis

According to Pathoma - Nephrotic Syndrome. Diabetic Nephropathy = Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy

64
Q

True for rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis, EXCEPT:

a. Progresses rapidly
b. Associated exclusively with Nephrotic Syndrome
c. May occur as a manifestation of systemic disorders
d. May be preceded by postinfectious glomerulonephritis
e. Anti-GBM antibodies may be demonstrated in some cases

A

b. Associated exclusively with Nephrotic Syndrome

According to Pathoma - Nephritic Syndrome: RPGN

65
Q

Schistosomiasis may be associated with the formation of:

a. Renal cell carcinoma
b. Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
c. Adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder
d. Wilms tumor
e. Neuroblastoma

A

b. Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

According to Pathoma - Lower Urinary Tract Carcinoma

66
Q

Components of Nephrotic syndrome are, EXCEPT:

a. Proteinuria
b. Hypertension
c. Hypoalbuminemia
d. Hyperlipidemia
e. Edema

A

b. Hypertension

According to Pathoma - Nephrotic Syndrome
It is common in Nephritic Syndrome

67
Q

90% of malignant tumors encountered in the urinary bladder are:

a. Large cell carcinoma
b. Transitional cell papilloma
c. Squamous cell carcinoma
d. Adenocarcinoma
e. Transitional Cell Carcinoma

A

e. Transitional Cell Carcinoma

According to Pathoma - Lower Urinary Tract Carcinoma

68
Q
  1. Linear deposition of IgG and/or C3 along the glomerular basement membrane is seen in:
    a. Membranous GN
    b. Anti-GBM Nephritis
    c. Minimal change nephropathy
    d. Goodpasture Syndrome
A

b. Anti-GBM Nephritis
d. Goodpasture Syndrome

According to Pathoma - Nephritic Syndrome
GBM = Glomerular Basement Membrane

69
Q

The autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease usually manifests in the neonatal period and rapidly leads to acute renal failure.(TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

According to Pathoma -Congenital Renal Pathology
ADPKD=ADult PKD
–

patho2- 2nd mid (1 decks)

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