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Acb 330 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Nanos

A

Binds to 3’UTR of some mRNA and inhibits their translation

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2
Q

Polar granule component

A

Non-coding RNA that inhibits gene transcription by inhibiting rna pol II activation

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3
Q

Piwi

A

Acts with miRNA in an RNA silencing complex that’s inhibits translation by promoting degradation is specific mRNA

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4
Q

Vasa

A

RNA binding protein that functions as a translational initiation factor, promotes translation of mRNA coding for protein involved in pole cell differentiation

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5
Q

Oskar

A

Organizes pole plasm determinants to posterior end

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6
Q

Blimp1

A

Suppress somatic cell differentiation

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7
Q

Prdm14

A

Promote PGCs differentiation

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8
Q

Stem cell factor (SCF)

A

Signals PGCs to mitotically proliferate

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9
Q

Steel mutation

A

Mutation in gene coding for SCF

-no SCF being produced = PGCs don’t proliferate = infertile mouse

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10
Q

White spotting mutation

A

Mutation of gene coding for c-kit, the receptor for SCF

  • same phenotype as steel
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11
Q

SDF-1

A

Gonads secrete this chemotactic protein that attracts PGCs

SDF-1 binds to its receptor CXCR4 on surface of PGCs

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12
Q

Pluripotency genes (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG) are expressed by

A
  1. ICM in mammal blastocyst
  2. Human embryonic stem cell
  3. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPs cells)
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13
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cell

A

Cells that can be reprogrammed from somatic cell to become pluripotent

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14
Q

Diapedesis

A

In birds PGCs squeeze through extraembryonic blood vessels and get carried along bloodstream

Once they reach gonads, they squeeze out via diapedesis and will become either sperm or egg

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15
Q

Wnt4

A

Female gonads produce Wnt4 to direct PGCs to develop into diploid oogonia

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16
Q

Stra8

A

Mesonephros secretes RA
RA activates Stra8 expression
Stra8 triggers oogonia to enter meiotic prophase I

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17
Q

FGF9

A

Testis formation

Develop precursor cells (pre-spermatogonia)

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18
Q

CYP26B1

A

RA Is degraded by this enzyme

No RA signal -> no Stra8 expression -> cells remain pre-spermatogonia until puberty

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19
Q

Resact

A

Chemotatic peptide releases from jelly coat of AP sea urchin eggs

Resact diffuses from egg coat -> binds to receptor on sperm -> stimulates sperm flagellum -> provides sperm direction toward egg

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20
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

Triggered when sperm contacts polysaccharides in egg jelly coat

Exocytosis of its contents (proteolytic enzymes)

Acrosomal process formed

21
Q

Bindins

A

Vitelline membrane binding proteins extend out (acrosomal process)

22
Q

Sperm capacitation

A

Oviduct fluid changes sperm
Properties

-hyperactivity of sperm flagellum
-removes cholesterol from sperm plasma membrane
-unmasks zona pellucida binding proteins on Sperm head
- reduce affinity for oviduct walls to allow them
To swim through the oviduct to egg

23
Q

Sperm attraction and guidance

A

1) thermotaxis - ampulla area warmer by 2 degrees

2) chemotaxis - progesterone and CRISP1 attract sperm to egg in ampulla

24
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Enables sperm to digest a path through cumulus cell layer

25
Q

Izumo

A

Protein gets redistributed on outer surface of sperm head

Allows sperm head to bind to egg plasma membrane

26
Q

ZP2 and ZP3

A

Helps sperm head bind/adhere to zone of pellucida

Contact and fuse with egg plasma membrane

27
Q

Fertilization cone

A

Engulf sperm head in sea urchins

28
Q

JUNO

A

Izumo protein on sperm binds to JUNO protein on egg = successful fertilization

29
Q

CD9

A

Fusigenic protein

Promotes fusion of egg and sperm plasma membrane

Allows sperm nucleus to enter egg cytoplasm

30
Q

Holoblastic cleavage

A

Isolecithal

Mesolecithal

31
Q

Meroblastic cleavage

A

Teloecithal

Centrolecithal

32
Q

Meridional plane

A

Cleaned along vegetal axis

South Pole to North Pole

When egg has lots of yolk - frog

33
Q

Equatorial plane

A

Upper half is separated from vegetal lower half

West to east cleavage

34
Q

Compaction

A

~16 stage cell

Individual blastomeres develop increased adhesive affinity to one another

Compacted together and develop tight junctions between them

35
Q

E-cadherin

A

Increased levels of cadherin allows Blastomeres to bind together

It increases the adhesive affinity to one another

36
Q

Trophoblast cells

A

Inactive hippo signal allows YAP to enter nucleus and activate Cdx2 expression which drivers outer cells to develop into trophoblasts and give rise to placenta

37
Q

Cavitation

A

Blastocyst cavity develops

Na+ gets pumped in followed by influx of water -> tight junctions seal fluid in -> ICM moves to one side of cavity

38
Q

Totipotent

A

Able to form both placenta and embryonic tissue

  • early fertilization up to ~16 cell stage before cavity is formed
39
Q

Pluripotent

A

Able to form all tissues of embryo but NOT placenta

-cavity is formed and 2 distinct cell populations

40
Q

Unipotent

A

Only able to form placenta tissue

  • single developmental fate
  • trophoblasts
41
Q

Multipotent

A

During gastrulation, ICM can give rise to 3 Derm layers

42
Q

Blastoderm gives rise to 2 layers (like a pita bread)

A

Epiblast layer - gives rise to embryo

Hypoblast layer - does not give rise to embryo

43
Q

Cellular blastoderm

A

-in drosophila, layer of individual cells surround the yolk

44
Q

Actomyosin

A

Blocks gene transcription (aka no new mRNA synthesis)

Egg develops until blastula stage

45
Q

Cycloheximide

A

Prevents translation of protein synthesis from mRNA

Cleavage blocked.

46
Q

Maskin protein

A

Found in amphibian oocyte that blocks translation of a stored mRNA by binding 3’ to 5’ ends together

47
Q

Major onset of new mRNA

A

Frog - mid-blastula (12th cleavage division)

Drosophila - cellular blastoderm (14th nuclear division)

Sea urchin - mid-blastula

Mouse - 8-16 cell morula

48
Q

CLPG gene

A

Paternal copy

If mutated, causes enlarged rump in sheep

49
Q

GCL Protein

A

Suppresses somatic cell differentiation and activates pole cells

-genomic inert hypothesis

Acb 330 (1 decks)

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