Midterm Flashcards
Esquivel Gerardo
Extreme inequality in Mexico
Things that contribute to -inequality are tax policy (benefit the rich by taxing consumption and no tax on wealth like inheritance)
- minimum wages: below the accepted poverty threshold
- political and social policies that benefit the rich and increase their influence (private pls public education, sector privilege
Mexico gini coefficient and economic growth
2.1% avg growth , 0.441 coefficient while abt is 0.373
Big problem in inequality rn
An increase in per capital income but stagnation of the poverty rates
Explained by income growth concentrated at the higher end of income distribution, a situation incompatible with a reduction in the economic dimensions of inequality
Wealthiest 10% of people in Mexico concentrate 64% of country’s total wealth
1% has 21% of total income (avg 10% in other countries)
Wealth of multimillionaires
Grew from 25.2bn in 1996 to 142.9 bn in 2014
Avg fortune of multimillionaires grew from 1.7 to 8.9 bn
Most millionaires got wealth how
Sectors that have been privatized and are still regulated/supervised by the state, meaning they are more likely to be included in political process (telmex, tv azteca, lusacell
Lack of progressive fiscal policy ex
54% of income from taxes on goods and services
Disproportionally affects lower income bc it takes away. Larger portion of their income
Until recently, no tax on gain from stock market no inheritance tax
Effects of unequal distribution
Weaknes of domestic market, investment in small business disrupted, investment in human capital reduced/ disrupted (investment in pol who can make investment), economic growth only for privileged sectors in rich few (trickle down has not worked)
Multimillionaires hiring at min wage
In 2003, four main Mexican multimillionaires could have hired half a million mexicans, paying them the equivalent of a min wage, by 2014 up to 3 million without losing a cent of their wealth in real terms
(Unemployment 2014 in mex was 2.3)
Gender inequality
48% of women engaged in work force, 83% men wage gap estimated to be 26% in 2010
AC to global gender gap 2014, mexico 80th among 142 countries
Prívate va public edu
48% public school lack drainage systems, 61.2% of public schools students do no have access to working computers, 80% lack access to internet
Ppl with higher levels income receive tax dedications to send their kids to private school
Cornelius Wayne
Mexico from country of mass emigration to transit state
Talks abt Mexico moving from being state of emigration to transit state for Central Americans to the US
Mexican migration trends
Beginning 1880’s railroad and other construction needed workers
1917-1921 and 1942-1964 (bracero program) govt programs created to meet wartime labor shortages
5million workers in 24 states—helped Mexico’s economic growth?
johnson reed act 1965 imposed quota on Western Hemisphere — increase in undocumented flows until the 90’s
Immigration and nationality act 1965 ends caps but makes proces more selective
Undocumented immigrants peak 2007 at 6.9 million
1990’s measures to deter immigration
More persecution of ppl trying to cross border, steel walls built, more than 16000 agents
Inflows of Mexicans have now declined,
Inflows of northern triangle migrants doubled between 2011 and 2014
Cornelius Wayne Why stricter border control and more danger won’t deter ppl
Perceived risk of going to us were considered less than the dangers of staying home
9/11 effect on immigration
Controlling immigration became conflated with anti-reformism efforts
Mexicana nd us cooperation
Mexico placing much effort to control southern border— increasing apprehensions, placing udnercover agents, placing army at southern border — justification? Threat to natl security
