Midterm Flashcards
What are the three production phases in television?
Preproduction, Production, Postproduction
Production phase where all preparations and activities take place before actually moving into the studio or the field on the first day of production
Preproduction
Stage 1 of preproduction includes:
all activities necessary to transform a basic idea into a workable concept or script
Stage 2 of preproduction includes:
stage where all necessary production details (location, crew, equipment etc.) are worked out
Production phase where studio doors are opened for rehearsal or a video-recording session; involves equipment and crew; all activities in which an event is video-recorded or televised
Production
Production phase that takes place after production; includes video and audio editing, selecting background music, color correction on video clips etc.
Postproduction
T/F: Single-cam film style can take longer in postproduction than the actual production
True
Helps move from original idea to the finished production; what producers use to decide on the most effective approach, evaluate each production step and finish on time
Production model
Starts with a basic idea and then jumps to the desired communication effect on the target audience (general program objective); moves from general idea > desired effect > how to cause the effect
Effect to cause model
What is the defined process message?
Desired effect
What is the effect to cause model driven by?
Defined Process Message (desired effect on the audience)
Program element that hooks the viewer (specific story focus, point of view etc.)
Angle
Necessary content elements, production elements and personnel
Medium elements
What are three examples of medium requirements?
People: writer/director
Place: studio/field
Equipment: single/multi camera
Personnel who are involved in translating a script or event into tv images
Nontechnical production personnel
List the nontechnical production personnel
Talent, executive producer, producer, associate producer, line producer, field producer, production manager, production assistant, director, associate director, floor manager, floor persons, writer, art director, graphic artist, makeup artist, costume designer, wardrobe person, property manager, sound designer
People in front of the camera in productions are called
Talent
In charge of one or several large productions or program series; manages budget and coordinates with client, station management, advertising agencies, financial supporters and talent and writers’ agents
Executive Producer
In charge of an individual production; responsible for all personnel working on the production and for coordinating technical and nontechnical production elements; often writes and directs
Producer
assists producer in all production matters; often does the actual coordinating jobs such as telephoning talent and confirming schedules
Associate producer (AP)
supervises daily production activities on set
Line producer
Assists producer by taking charge of remote operations (away from the studio); at small stations, function may be a part of producer’s responsibilities
Field producer
schedules equipment and personnel for all studio and field productions; also called director of broadcast operations
Production manager
assists producer and director during the actual production; during rehearsal takes notes of the producer’s/director’s suggestions for show improvement
Production assistant
In charge of directing talent and technical operations; responsible for transforming a script into effective video and audio messages; at small stations this may be the producer as well
Director
Assists director during the actual production; in studio productions, does timing for director. In complicated productions helps “ready” operations
Associate director
In charge of all activities on the studio floor; coordinates talent relays director’s cues to talent and supervises floor personnel; responsible for setting up scenery and dressing the set
floor manager
sets up and dresses sets; operate cue cards and other prompting devices, easel cards and on-camera graphics; assists in moving camera dollies and pulling camera cables
floor persons
hired on on freelance basis; not needed in smaller productions or in corporate tv
Writers
In charge of creative design aspects of show; set design, location, graphics etc.
Art director
prepares computer graphics, titles, charts and electronic background
Graphic artist
does make-up for all talent; freelance
Make-up artist
designs and constructs various costumes for dramas, dance numbers and children’s shows; freelance
Costume designer
handles all wardrobe matters during the production
wardrobe person
Maintains and manages use of various set and hand properties; found in large operations only
Property manager
Constructs complete soundtrack
(dialogue and sound effects) in postproduction; freelance
sound designer
Consists of people who operate equipment; usually part of the crew
Technical personnel and crew
responsible for the purchase, installation, proper functioning and maintenance of all technical equipment
Engineering staff
in charge of all technical personnel, budgets and equipment; designs system, including transmission facilities and oversees installations and day-to-day operations
chief engineer
Assists chief engineer in all technical matters and operations; also called engineer supervisor
Assistant chief engineer
oversees all technical operations; usually called EIC
Studio or remote engineer-in-charge
maintains all technical equipment and troubleshoots during production
maintenance engineer
technically trained production people
Non-engineering technical personnel
does the switching and usually acts as technical crew crew chief
Technical director
operate the cameras; often does the lighting for simple shows; when working in field productions (ENG/EFP) referred to as videographers and shooters
camera operators
in film they are in charge of lighting; in EFP operates EFP camera
Director of photography
in charge of lighting , normally for large productions
Lighting director
adjusts camera controls for optimal camera pictures (shading); sometimes takes on an additional technical duties, especially field productions and remotes; also called shader
Video operator
in charge of all audio operations; works audio console during the show; also audio engineer
Audio technician
runs the video recorder
video-record operator
types and/or recalls from the computer the names and other graphic material to be integrated with the video image
character generator
operates production editing equipment; makes or assists in creative editing decisions
video editor
renders digital graphics for on-air use
digital graphic artist
a short or brief series of shots as captured on the hard drive and identified by a file name
clip
tv production outside of the studio that is normally shot for postproduction (not live). Part of field production
EFP: (electronic field production)
the use of portable camcorders or cameras with separate portable video recorders, lights, and sound equipment for the production of daily news stories. Usually not planned in advanced and often transmitted live or immediately after postproduction editing
ENG: (electronic news gathering)
all content elements, production elements, and people needed to generate the defined process message
Medium Requirements
the use of two or more video cameras or camcorders for the capture, selection, recording, or transmission of video footage
Multicamera system
people assigned exclusively to the production of news, documentaries, and special events
News production personnel
throwing out wild ideas in hopes that one is good
Group brainstorming
write down ideas rather than saying them out loud. Write down a keyword, circle it, and spin of ideas that relate to the word
Clustering
Most important step of preproduction process
Evaluating Ideas
written document that stipulates what you intend to do. Briefly explains the program objective and the major aspects of the presentation
Program proposal
Proposals should include the following:
Title Objective Target Audience Format Treatment Production method Tentative budget
Costs for script, talent, production personnel, studio and equipment rental, recording media, props, food, lodging, entertainment, transportation, parking, insurance, and clearances
Budget
Best practices when creating a budget for film production?
- Show overall charges split up by stage of production
- Include all probable expenses
- Do not underestimate costs
- Do not inflate budget but add 15-20% contingency
Indicates what talent says, how a scene should be played, and where/when it takes place
Script
Why ethics are important in film production
- Decisions effect audience
- Respect and compassion
- Should not lie to audience
- Potential worldwide audience
- Respect of values and customs
Examples of information sources:
The internet, phone directories, chamber of commerce
Union regulations include:
salaries, working conditions etc.
Types of unions in film:
technical and nontechnical
copyrighted material must go through _____
clearances and legal considerations
classified by demographic and psychographic characteristics. Subjective approach to prejudging a program. More specific target audience = more precise objective
Target audience
Ratings vs. Share
Ratings are used to gauge relative success of a program; percentage of households tuned into a specific station over total number of tv households
Shares are the percentage of tv household tuned to your station over all households using tv
carefully select representative audience samples and survey through diaries, telephone calls, and meters attached to tv sets
Nielsen rating service
audience research factors concerned with such data as age, gender, marital status, and income
Demographics
the calendar that shows the preproduction, production, and postproduction dates and who is doing what when and where
Production schedule
written document that outlines the program objective and the major aspects of a tv presentation
Program proposal
audience research factors concerned with such data as consumer buying habits, values, and lifestyle
Psychographics
percentage of tv households tuned into a specific station in relation to the total number of tv households
Rating
percentage of tv households tuned to a specific station in relation to all household using television (HUT); all households with their sets turned on
Share
the audience selected or desired to receive a specific message
Target audience
a breakdown of time blocks for various activities on the actual production day, such as crew call, setup, and camera rehearsal
timeline
a brief narrative description of a tv program
treatment
- Includes every word of the actor’s dialogue, who is doing what when and where, and how action should play
- Used in dramas, situation comedies, skits, and soap operas
Single-column drama script
- Right column contains audio info
- Left column contains video info
Two-column A/V script
Fully scripted A/V format vs. Partial two-column A/V script
Fully scripted: everything that is spoken appears in the audio column
Partial script: Only shows part of dialogue
- Two-column A/V script format
- Include every word anchors speak and instructions for what live/recorded segments the director calls up
News Script
- Lists only the order of particular show segments
- Set areas in which action takes place and clock for running times of the segments
- Used in studio productions such as daily morning show, panel show, or game show
Show format
- Rundown sheet
- Lists items that are to be show on-camera and indicate what should be said
- No video or audio instructions
Fact Sheet
- The four basic elements of drama:
Theme, plot, characters, environment
characters react to outside influences
Plot from outside-in
characters behaviors and choices determine plot
Plot from inside-out
Character based stories vs. Plot based stories
Plot based stories emphasize outer action
Character based stories are based on inner action and psychological makeup of the characters
All drama thrives on _________
conflict
List the general areas of conflict:
cultural and ideological differences, ideal versus rational worldviews, feeling versus reason
List specific areas of conflict:
environment, lifestyle, nature, relatives, peer pressure
Plot-based conflict vs. Character-based conflict
plot-based: conflict grows out of circumstances
character-based: conflict arises from character decisions and convictions
the technique of dramatic composition
classical dramaturgy
