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EBP 1 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Abstract

A 
a brief description of the study placed at the beginning of the article 
o	Concise summary of the study 
o	Usually less than 300 words
o	Should provide the following:
	Research problem
	Results / findings
	Main conclusions
	Recommendations
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2
Q

Best source of evidence

A

Systematic Reviews- (level 1) the strongest evidence comes from careful synthesis of multiple studies

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3
Q

Bias

A

a distortion or influence that results in an error in inference

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4
Q

Bivariate descriptive statistics: Cross tabulation

A

frequencies of two variables are analyzed against each other

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5
Q

Bivariate descriptive statistics: Correlation

A

association between variables

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6
Q

Bivariate descriptive statistics: Correlation coefficient

A

describes intensity and direction of a relationship

 correlation coefficient range from −1.00 through .00 to +1.00

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7
Q

Bivariate descriptive statistics: Positive relationship

A

relationship between two variables in which high values on one variable tend to be associated with high values on the other

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8
Q

Bivariate descriptive statistics: Negative (inverse) relationship

A

variables are inversely related, higher values on one variable are associated with lower values in the second

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9
Q

Bivariate descriptive statistics: Pearson’s r

A

 most widely used correlation statistic
 computed with continuous measures
 Need to have interval or ratio level variables

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10
Q

Bivariate descriptive statistics: Spearman’s rho

A

correlations between variables measured on an ordinal scale

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11
Q

Calculating median

A

o 1, 5, 2, 8, 7
o sort numbers: 1, 2, 5, 7, 8
o Median is 5
o If even numbers, median is the arithmetic average (mean) of the 2 numbers

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12
Q

Consecutive sampling

A

o Recruitment of all people from an accessible population over a specific time interval or for a specified sample size
o Best possible choice when there is “rolling enrollment” into an accessible population

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13
Q

Convenience sampling

A

selecting the most conveniently available people as participants
o People might be atypical of the population (risk of bias)
o Weakest form of sampling, also most commonly used sampling method

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14
Q

Credibility

A

A criterion for evaluating integrity and trustworthiness in qualitative studies, referring to confidence in the truth of the data; analogous to internal validity in quantitative research

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15
Q

Critical theory research

A

o Critique of society
o Envisions new possibilities
o Action oriented
o Inspire change

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16
Q

Data saturation

A

involves sampling until no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved
o Participants are insightful- saturation achieved with a small sample
o A larger sample is needed with maximum variation sampling

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17
Q

Debriefing

A

Communication with study participants after participation is complete regarding aspects of the study (explaining the purpose of the study more fully)

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18
Q

Descriptive statistics

A 
o	Used to synthesize/summarize/ describe data.
o	Parameters:
	Characteristics of a population
o	3 Characteristics:
	Shape of distribution of values
	Central tendency
	Variability
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19
Q

Frequency distribution positive skew

A

o Asymmetrical, the peak is off center, and one tail is other than the other.
o When one tail points to the RIGHT the distribution has a positive skew.

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20
Q

Inference

A

a conclusion drawn from the study evidence using logical reasoning and taking into account the methods used to generate the evidence

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21
Q

Levels of measurement: Nominal

A 
	Lowest level
	Organized in categories
	Cannot be compared
	Exclusive
	Ex: gender, ethnicity, marital status, diagnosis
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22
Q

Levels of measurement: Ordinal

A 
	Organized in categories
	Can be compared (ranked)
	Rank higher or lower/better or worse
	Exclusive
	Unequal intervals
	Ex: mild, moderate, severe pain OR…no exercise, some exercise, heavy exercise
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23
Q

Levels of measurement: Interval

A 
	Equal numerical distances between intervals
	Exclusive
	Continuum value
	LACKS A ZERO POINT!
	Ex: temperature
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24
Q

Levels of measurement: Ratio

A 
	Highest level
	Exclusive
	Ordered
	Equally spaced interval
	Continuum value
	DOES HAVE ABSOLUTE ZERO
	Ex: weight, height, volume
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25
Q

Measures of central tendency: mode

A

 Value that occurs most frequently
 Used with nominal data
 Bimodal distribution
 Multimodal distribution

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26
Q

Measures of central tendency: median

A

 Exact center of frequency distribution
 Think midpoint
 Used with ordinal data
 Not affected by extreme scores

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27
Q

Measures of central tendency: mean

A

 Sum of the scores divided by the number of scores being summed
 Used with interval or nominal data

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28
Q

Member check

A

a method of validating the credibility of qualitative data through debriefings and discussions with informants

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29
Q

Outliers

A

a data point that differs significantly from other observations

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30
Q

PICO question

A 
o	P- population
	Age 
	Gender
	Ethnicity
	With certain disorder (diabetes)
o	I-interventions 
	Exposure to disease
	Risk behavior 
o	C-comparison
	No disease
	Placebo or no intervention or therapy
	Absence of risk factor 
o	O-outcome 
	Risk of disease
	Accuracy of diagnosis
	Rate of occurrence of adverse outcome
31
Q

Prolonged engagement

A

the investment of sufficient time collecting data to have an in-depth understanding of the culture, language, or views of the people or group under study
o Tests for misinformation
o Ensures saturation of important categories
o Important for building trust with informants

32
Q

Purposive sampling

A

o Using researchers’ knowledge about the population to handpick sample members
o Leads to bias but useful approach when researchers want a sample of experts

33
Q

Qualitative sampling methods: Convenience (think volunteer)

A

 Volunteer samples come forward and identify themselves.
 Efficient, economical, and convenient
 Not preferred

34
Q

Qualitative sampling methods: Snowball (think network)

A

 Asking informants to make referrals
 Restrictive to small network
 Lower quality in sample

35
Q

Qualitative sampling methods: Purposive (think purposeful)

A 
	Several different types
	Deliberately choose (on purpose) the cases that will contribute to the study.
•	Maximum variation sampling
•	Extreme (deviant) case sampling
•	Typical case sampling
•	Criterion sampling
36
Q

Qualitative sampling methods: Theoretical

A

 Used in grounded theory
• 20-30 sample size
 Based on the development of the theory

37
Q

Quasi-experimental design advantages

A

o More practical for a natural setting
o Useful for people who are not always willing to be randomized
 Has generalizability of the results

38
Q

Research findings

A

are meant to reflect “truth in the real world”
o Inference involves drawing conclusions based on limited information and using logical reasoning
 valid to the extent that the researchers have made good decisions in selecting proxies and have controlled sources of bias

39
Q

Research hypothesis

A

Predicted answers to research questions. State the expected relationship between the IV and DV
o Offer direction
o Suggest explanations
o Promotes critical thinking
o Directional Hypothesis-Expected direction of the relationship
o Nondirectional Hypothesis-Does not stipulate direction of the relationship
o Null Hypothesis-Absence of relationship. H01

40
Q

Research problem statement elements

A 
o	1.) Problem identification
o	2.) Background
o	3.) Scope of problem
o	4.) Consequences of the problem
o	5.) Knowledge gaps
o	6.) Proposed solution
41
Q

Retrospective design

A

Outcome (effect) observed is linked to potential cause from the past

42
Q

Sample size

A

the number of people who participate in a study; an important factor in the power of the analysis and in statistical conclusion validity in quantitative research

43
Q

Semi structured interviews (or focused)

A

o Researchers have a list of list of topics or broad questions that must be covered in an interview
o Use a topic guide

44
Q

Simple random sampling

A

o most basic probability sampling
o establish a sampling frame (a list of population elements)
o 1. Elements in a sampling frame are numbered
o 2. A table of random numbers or an online randomizer is used to draw a random sample of the desired size.
o Samples selected randomly are not likely to be biased.
o There is no guarantee of a representative sample

45
Q

Statistical test

A

An analytic tool that estimates the probability that obtained results from a sample reflect the population values

46
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Data collected at one point in time
 Economical
 Pose problems for inferring changes over time

47
Q

Longitudinal

A

Data collected multiple times over an extended period

 Concern – attrition (losing participants over time)

48
Q

Type II error

A

o accepting the null hypothesis when it is false

o false-negative conclusion

49
Q

Types of knowing

A 
o	Traditions = customs
o	Authority = expertise
o	Borrowing = other fields
o	Trial and Error = unsure how to approach
o	Personal Experience = gaining knowledge
o	Role Modeling =Imitating
o	Intuition = gut feeling
o	Reasoning = critical thinking/logic
50
Q

Types of measurement: Direct

A

Measurement of concrete items

 Weight, height

51
Q

Types of measurement: Indirect

A

Captures elements of abstract concept

 Coping, anxiety

52
Q

Types of nonprobability sampling: Convenience sampling

A
  • Selection of the most readily available persons as participants
  • BIAS!
53
Q

Types of nonprobability sampling: Quota sampling

A
  • A nonrandom sampling method in which “quotas” for certain subgroups, based on sample characteristics, are established to increase the representativeness of the sample
  • Researchers identify population strata and figure out how many people are needed from each stratum
  • Quota sampling is similar to convenience sampling: Participants are a convenience sample from each stratum
54
Q

Types of nonprobability sampling: Consecutive sampling

A
  • Recruitment of all people from an accessible population over a specific time interval or for a specified sample size
  • Best possible choice when there is “rolling enrollment” into an accessible population
55
Q

Types of nonprobability sampling: Purposive sampling

A
  • Using researchers’ knowledge about the population to handpick sample members
  • Leads to bias but useful approach when researchers want a sample of experts
56
Q

Types of qualitative research: Ethnography

A

 Description and interpretation of culture & cultural behavior
 Extensive fieldwork (time consuming)
 Purpose: seek to learn from rather than study
 -emic & -etic perspectives
o Information sought:
 Cultural behavior
 Cultural artifacts
 Cultural speech
o Participant observation
 Strategy used by ethnographers
 Make observations while participating in activities

57
Q

Types of qualitative research: Phenomenology

A 
	Main data source is in-depth conversations
	Key themes
o	Two main types: 
	Descriptive
	Interpretative
58
Q

Types of qualitative research: Descriptive

A

(What do we know as persons?)
 Depicts “things” as people experience them:
 Eclectic design
 In-depth collection of qualitative data
 No traditional qualitative roots
 Content analysis for data interpretation
• Organizing data in key concepts/themes

59
Q

Types of qualitative research: Interpretative

A

 Rely on in depth interviews
• May augment understandings
 Lived experience and interpretive process
 Goals:
• To enter another’s word & discover the understandings.
 Also referred to as Hermeneutics = understanding
• Bracketing does not occur in interpretive phenomenology

60
Q

Types of qualitative research: Grounded theory

A

 Develops middle range theories
 Identify main problem and offer resolution
 Constant comparison is used
• New data collected compared ongoing to previous data collected
 In-depth interviews & participant interviews for data collection

61
Q

Types of qualitative research: Historical

A

 Systematic collection & critical evaluation of data related to past events/occurrences
 Usually interpretive-describe what, how, & why
 Primarily relies on written records:
• Review data from diaries, letters, newspapers, medical documents
o nonwritten data: photos & films
• interview people who experienced past events

62
Q

Types of qualitative research: case studies

A

 Single or Small number of entities with in-depth review
 Understand the “why” rather than the “what”
 Strength/Weakness
• Small sample and get most in-depth data

63
Q

Types of qualitative research: narrative analysis

A

 The story is the form of inquiry and understanding

64
Q

Types of qualitative research: critical theory

A

o Similar to critical theory
 Focuses specifically on gender domination/discrimination
 Goal: facilitate change to end women’s unequal social position

65
Q

Types of qualitative research: feminist research

A

 Production of knowledge can influence power

• Also focuses on action, empowerment, and raising awareness

66
Q

Types of quantitative research: experimental

A

 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)
• “True Experiment”
• Level 1 (pg 23 Fig 2.1)
• Gold standard
• Test the effects of an intervention AND random groups assigned
 Pretest-Posttest design
• Collect pretest data (baseline) – perform intervention – Collect posttest data (outcome)
 Crossover design
• Exposing people to more than one treatment

67
Q

Types of quantitative research: quasi-experimental

A

 nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design
• Level II
• Weaker because no randomization
 Trials without randomization
 Similar to pretest-posttest experimental design without randomized groups
 How to identify:
• Testing intervention
o Comparison group instead of control group
 No mention of random group assignment
 Time-series Design

68
Q

Types of quantitative research: correlational

A 
	Level III
	Examine relationship between variables
	Non-experimental study
	Correlations can be detected through statistical analyses
	Does not prove causation  
	Specific correlational designs:
•	Prospective design (cohort design)
o	Start with a presumed cause
•	Retrospective design
o	Outcome (effect) observed is linked to potential cause from the past
•	Case-Control design
o	Review cases that meet certain criteria and identify controls
69
Q

Types of quantitative research: descriptive

A

 Level III

 Observe, describe, document situation

70
Q

Types of quantitative research: time dimensional (cross sectional/longitudinal)

A

o Cross-sectional
 Data collected at one point in time
 Economical
 Pose problems for inferring changes over time
o Longitudinal
 Data collected multiple times over an extended period
 Concern – attrition (losing participants over time)

71
Q

BSN

A

 Locate and critically appraise studies, evidence-based guidelines, protocols, and policies with assistance.
 Use best research evidence in practice with guidance.
 Assist with problem identification and data collection.

72
Q

MSN

A

 Critically appraise and synthesize studies to develop and review protocols for practice.
 Implement best research evidence in practice.
 Collaborate in research projects and provide clinical expertise for research.

73
Q

DNP

A

 Critically appraise studies and develop and refine protocols and policies for practice.
 Participate in evidence-based guideline development.
 Implement, evaluate, and revise as needed protocols, polices, and evidence-based guidelines in practice.

74
Q

PhD

A

 Major role in conducting independent research and contributing to the empirical knowledge generated in a selected area of study.
 Obtain initial funding for research.
 Coordinate research teams of BSN, MSN, and DNP nurses.

EBP 1 (1 decks)

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