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Marine protected areas > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

MPA

A

Clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated, and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values

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2
Q

Network of MPAs

A

system or network is a collection of MPAs operating cooperatively and synergistically, at various spatial scales, and with a range of protection levels, in order to fulfill ecological aims more effectively and comprehensively than individual sites could alone

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3
Q

Benefits of MPAs (ecological)

A
  1. contribute to the protection of the structure, function and integrity of ecosystems by:
  2. providing harvest refuge
  3. protecting habitats critical to lifecycle stages such as spawning juvenile rearing and feeding
  4. completing adjacent terrestrial protected areas for anadromous species
  5. protecting spawning stocks, spawning stock biomass and spawning aggregation to enhance or maintain reproductive capacity
  6. contributing to the restoration and recovery of species, habitat and ecosystems
  7. enhancing local and regional fish stocks through increased recruitment and spillover of adults and juveniles into adjacent areas
  8. assisting in conservation- based fisheries management regimes
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4
Q

benefits of MPAs (social, economic & cultural)

A
  1. encouraging expansion of knowledge and understanding of marine systems
  2. ensuring a stable resource base for non-consumptive & sustainable consumptive activities including fishing, recreation and tourism
  3. contributing to the coordination of ecosystem-based management of marine activities, thereby ensuring long-term economic opportunities for sustainable use
  4. providing researchers, educators and policy makers with reference sites to serve as natural benchmarks
  5. increasing the quality of life surrounding communities
  6. protecting historical and contemporary culturally and spiritually significant sites
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5
Q

Marine life protection act goals

A
  1. protect natural diversity and function of marine ecosystems
  2. sustain and restore marine life populations
  3. improve recreational, educational and study opportunities
  4. protect representative and unique marine life habitats
  5. clear objectives, effective management, adequate enforcement, sounds science
  6. sure MPAs are designed and managed as networks
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6
Q

Varieties of MPAs

A
  • Big top-down MPAs - open ocean and uninhabited
  • small “community based” MPAs - ex: Philippines & South Pacific
  • Entrepreneurial MPAs
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7
Q

What is Marine spatial planning (MSP)

A

public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas to achieve ecological, economic and social objectives that have been specified through a political process

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8
Q

What is MAPP?

A

marine planning partnership - uses existing marine & coastal planning, uses ecosystem-based management framework

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9
Q

What differs marine ecosystems & terrestrial?

A

Water - different spaces will have different buoyancies, viscosities, and specific heat capacities
-oceans are patchy, resources are not spread evenly

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10
Q

Population ecology - source vs. sink populations

A

source pop: net exporter, birth rate is greater than death rate
sing pop: net importer, death rate is greater than birth rate

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11
Q

What is dispersal?

A

movement of an individual/group of individuals away from a parent population. It is a biological process and is essential for population sustainability and maintenance

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12
Q

Dispersal mechanisms

A
  • different life history traits
  • adult dispersal
  • broadcast spawning
  • larval dispersal
  • -> planktonic behaviours
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13
Q

How does length of time an organisms says in larvae effect dispersal?

A

faster they settle, smaller the dispersal

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14
Q

Pelagic larval duration (PLD)

A

-length of time larvae spend in water column, affects dispersal distance

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15
Q

Planktotrophic

A
  • feed in water column

- typically seen in invertebrates

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16
Q

Lecithotrophic

A
  • rely on internal stores for energy

- typically seen in fish & some invertebrates

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17
Q

Advantages of dispersal

A

Decreased competition between adults & their larval populations
-interspecies

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18
Q

What is connectivity?

A

flux of any types of material between locations, interaction between species and landscapes

  • should result in exchange of genetic material between populations
  • marine connectivity far greater than in terrestrial
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19
Q

why is connectivity important?

A

connecting adult populations with breeding or nursery sites, connecting source and sink populations, preventing inbreeding and genetic variation, accommodating range shifts, accelerated climate change, species diapering and recolonizing, protecting nursery sites - all must be considered

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20
Q

barriers to connectivity

A

changing currents, habitat fragmentation, physical thresholds (temperature, depth, salinity, substrate),

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21
Q

Trophic cascade- what is it? how does it affect marine systems? when do they occur?

A

An occurrence when a top predator is removed or added to a food web, usually leads to changing marine systems. Has a large effect on marine systems. Occurs when a top predator (sea otter) limits density &/or behaviour of their prey (urchin) & thereby enhances survival of next lower trophic level (kelp system)

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22
Q

Goal of conservation planning?

A

To sustain population w/in protected/ conservation orientated region, cover all biogeographic zones, including transition regions.
This should allow protected populations to do well enough to help populate areas outside of MPAs. “spill over”

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23
Q

What are predicted impacts of MPAs?

A

Fisheries: increase in biomass of reproductive adults, increased spill over into non-reserve areas, benefits fisheries
Biodiversity: increase in organism size & diversity

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24
Q

Considerations when designing MPAs?

A

Ecological: Dispersal, connectivity, site specific factors
Social considerations
Overall goals for area: fisheries, species of concern, important habitats

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25
Q

What affects design of reserves?

A

essential areas-placement, populations of concern, size, spacing

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26
Q

What is the perfect scenario of an MPA?

A

spillover effect

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27
Q

Areas that are essential to protect?

A

vulnerable life history stages, aggregation grounds, migration bottlenecks, areas w/ high habitat heterogeneity, areas of high diversity

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28
Q

Ex of aggregate grounds, migration bottleneck sand vulnerable life history stages

A

Vulnerable life history stages: Turtles, target beaches
Aggregate: salmon in river, cuddlefish
migration bottleneck: marine birds - migrate, stop to feed

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29
Q

Populations of importance to protect

A

fisheries concerns-economic
threatened species - cute & cuddly
ecologically important species - biological habitat species - kelp forest, eel grass beds

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30
Q

Does size matter for MPAs?

A

yes, but debatable, “bigger is better” is based on a theory of island biogeography

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31
Q

SLOSS

A

Single large, or several small

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32
Q

Importance of connectivity and MPAs

A
  1. sustain genetic diversity

2. organisms inside reserves, impact organisms outside of reserve

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33
Q

NEOLI

A

no take, enforced, old, large & isolated

–> lead to a successful MPA

34
Q

MPA effect on populations (for most part)

A

populations increase average size of organisms increase

35
Q

effects w/ in reserve boundaries

A

-increased biomass - increase # or organisms -increase in size of organisms -increased biodiversity

36
Q

Full protection vs. partial protection

A

Some MPAs = no take
some allow some fishing/extractive actions
seasonal closures

37
Q

Issues with current ecology?

A
  • poor understanding of actual dispersal abilities & connectivity
  • difficult to track larvae & species over space and time
  • easier to maintain diversity than restore
38
Q

What can’t MPAs/ aren’t very good at protecting against?

A

climate change, ocean acidification, sea temperature rise, sea level rise, sedimentation, pollution, marine disease outbreaks, conflicting goals, overly degraded systems

39
Q

Ocean values

A

-food -knowledge - economy - trade - spiritual -livelihood -recreational -etc.

40
Q

How to sustain ocean values?

A
  • integrate marine spatial planning
  • sector-by-sector management : via regulations, policy, plans, fisheries, transportation, aquaculture, coastal forestry
  • species-by-species management:: species @ risk legistlation
  • Habitat-by-habitat management: ex federal, provincial, first nation “MPA” designations
  • Conservation planning, ex: MPA networks
41
Q

Top threats to oceans

A

-unsustainable fishing, accelerated climate change, invasive species, pollution, habitat loss & destruction, coastal development

42
Q

3 major shifts in commercial fishing

A

1.demersal (advanced tech) 2.geogrpahic (anywhere in world) 3.bathymetric (everywhere in water column)

43
Q

major types of ecosystem damages (3)

A

1.species are depleted 2.habitat alteration 3.ecological shifts from removal of important species

44
Q

Climate stressors & their impacts

A

stressors: ocean warming, sea level rise, ocean acidification, changes in ocean circulation, more intense storms
impacts: coral bleaching, coastal erosion, alter food web, slower growth rates, shifting migratory patters, loss of habitat

45
Q

Global trends

A

global dead spots from fertilizers entering water ways

pollution: point & non point ex: ocean dumping, deep sea mining, marine transport, atmospheric transport. resulting in : Acidification, eutrophication, plastic & debrs
plastics: endocrine, aggregate in genres

46
Q

Shifting perspectives on ocean (5 lessons)

A
  1. perspective is getting longer, we know we can change the ocean
  2. species do not always recover after depletion
  3. ecosystems can be shifted into alternate states
  4. species are at risk of extinction -habitat loss and transformation
  5. deep sea is not beyond harm
47
Q

Benefits of marine planning project?

A

common vision between gov’t, FNs, stakeholder & public

  • ID economic opportunities
  • facilitate social license for industry
  • improve user certainty & stability -better investment in climate
  • ID ecological & cultural sensitive areas
  • build efficiencies in decisions
48
Q

MaPP plan(s) @ a glance

A

non-spatial components:

  • background -vision, goals, objectives & strategies -context
  • highly diverse -multiple interests & values

spatial components:

  • marine zoning -general management -special management - protection management
  • recommended users & activities -ecologically &culturally sensitive areas
49
Q

General management zone

A

wide range of sustainable marine uses & activities using an ecosystem-based management framework

  • management prescriptions address conflicts w/ general management direction in sub-regional plans
    objective: manage for a variety of co-existing sustainable marine uses & activities that adhere to ecosystems-based management principles
50
Q

Special management zone

A

High priority /high potential sustainable marine uses & activities
uses & activities with specific environmental conditions and locations
ex: commercial tourism, public rec, renewable energy

objective: to manage for ne or more identified high priority and or high potential sustainable marine uses or activities

51
Q

Protection management zone

A

primarily for conservation purposes/objectives

  • may protect localized conservation values
    objective: to protect full range of values that marine environments provide w/ a primary emphasis on maintaining marine biodiversity, ecological representation & special features
52
Q

Conservation benefits of MAPP

A
  1. improved compliance w/ marine-related legislation, regulations & traditional laws
  2. restoration of estuaries and other sensitive habitats where there is high development
  3. EBM indicator monitoring to track changes in ecological & human well being systems
  4. collaboration on cumulative effects assessment and framework
  5. enhanced human well being
  6. local & traditional blending of knowledge
53
Q

What is BC marine conservation Analysis? what does it produce? what is purpose?

A

collaborative proctor w/ many partners and observers
Products:
1. marine atlas & data library
2.analyses that identify
a.marine areas of high conservation value
b. marine areas important to human use

purpose: provide these products to aid with informing all interest groups & marine planning processes
- -> NOT to advocate planning outcomes or replace planning processes

54
Q

Who is BCMCA?

A

project team - human use working group, project stand contributors

55
Q

Why are project team organizations collaborating for BCMCA?

A

all recognize value of : best available, comprehensive data

-compiled collaboratively & reviewed transparently - for marine planning

56
Q

what is Marxan analysis? what is it used for?

A

globally recognized decision support tool for area-based planning. Used to identify areas of high conservation value, identify areas important to human use

57
Q

Datasets for boundary delineation

A
  1. localized academic research
  2. TEK & local eco knowledge, local marine use data
  3. BCMCA layers & marina scenarios
  4. coastal resource info management systems, (geoBC)
  5. department of fisheries & oceans -EBSAs & important areas
  6. CHS nautical charts
  7. coast info team’s spatial analysis
  8. most recen foreshore georeferenced orthophotos
58
Q

What is conservation risk assessment (CRA)

A

Analystical tool used to identify & assess: conservation values
-risk factors
-threats
Based on:
-representation & specific features
-species & phenomena rarity and richness
-size, shape & replication

59
Q

USES of CRA?

A
  • inform managers & rangers of values, risks & threats w/ in protected areas
  • informe annual management planning
  • integrate recreation & conservation into ecosystem based management
  • Assess option in PA site & system design
60
Q

Why is Canada - BC network strategy needed?

A

Gov’t need to work together to achieve common goals in an area of shared jurisdiction

  • Gov’t are moving towards more systemic marine conservation planning
  • systemic approach to conservation planning is /best practice’
61
Q

how was Canada-BC network strategy drafted ?

A

legislation, mandates, policies, priorities, commitments. + best practices, international experience, science advice. + Consultation. = New strategy

62
Q

Eligibility of Canada BC network strategy

A

MPAs in network will:
-serve a range of functions
-appear in a wide array of sizes, shapes
-offer a range of protection standards
-meet eligibility criteria : 1.meet definition of MPA
2Contribute to goal of #1
3.Have a mangemtn plan or protection guidance, and is effectively managed for achievement of network goals

63
Q

Vision of Canada-BC network strategy?

A

ecologically comprehensive, resilient & representative network of MPAs that protects biological diversity and health of marine environment for present and future generations

64
Q

Goals of Canada-BC network strategy

A
  1. to protect & maintain mine biodiversity ecological representation & special natural features
  2. contribute to conservation & protect of fishery resources & their habitats
  3. to maintain & facilitate opportunities for tourism, & recreation
  4. to contribute to social, community & economic certainty & stability
  5. conserve & protect traditional use, cultural heritage, and archaeological resources
  6. to provide opportunities for scientific research, education & awareness
65
Q

Network planning principles

A

(ecological)

  1. include full range of biodiversity in pacific Canada
  2. Ensure EBSAs are incorporated
  3. ensure ecological linkages
  4. maintain long term protection
  5. Ensure max contribution of individual MPAs (size, space, shape)

(social, economic, cultural design principles)

  1. Recognize, consider full range of uses, activities & values supported by marines environment
  2. Max the positive
  3. min the negative
  4. Enhace management effectiveness & compliance
66
Q

General operating principles of network design

A
  1. work with people
  2. respect FNs treaties, rights
  3. Foster EBM
  4. Apply adaptive management
  5. build on existing MPAs, other management & tools & marines planning initiative
  6. include full range of protection levels
  7. take precautionary approach
67
Q

What is governance?

A

formal & informal arrangements, structures & processes by which an organization (prinitative) is directed, controlled & held to accounts

“where to go? who should be involved? who makes decisions? at what capacity?

68
Q

What is good governance?

A

participatory, transparent, effective, accountable, efficient, inclusive, resilient, responsive

  • promotes fairness
  • provided long-term perspective grounded in historical, cultural & social complexities
69
Q

Forms of governance for MPAs

A
  1. top-down
    ex: state controls through law/regualtion
  2. bottom-up
    ex: community based approach, empowerment of local areas
  3. collaborative/ partnership/ co-management
    ex: state & community based, multi gov’t in some cases
  4. market incentives
    ex: need to establish economic incentives yo catalyze change - natural capital, ecosystem services, property rights, etc.
70
Q

European directive marine strategy framework

A

Established in 2008, legislative framework for EMB
–> achieve good eco standing by 2020
(a way of doing this is to establish MPA networks)

71
Q

Pacific islands managed & protected area Community

A

-collaboration of site managers, non gov’t organizations. local communities, federal state, and territorial agencies & other stakeholders working together

72
Q

Jurisdication of marine environment (Provincial, federal *& FNs)

A

P - inland waters & seabed lying “between jaws of land”
ex: bay, estuaries, inlets
Fed- fisheries management, marine transports, marine birds
FNs- rights & title, local use of food, social & ceremonial purposes, conservation, general marine planning

73
Q

What are national marine conservation areas for?

A
  • conservation
  • ecologically sustainable use
  • public education & enjoyment
74
Q

Who has lead federal authority for NMCAs? do they manage alone?

A

Parks Canada, & no, transport Canada & fisheries also maintain authority.

75
Q

what activities continues within NMCAs? Which one do not?

A

DO: traditional harvest, fishing, recreation and tourism, marine transport, shipping
DO NOT: oil & gas exploration, oil & gas development, undersea mining

76
Q

How is NMCA established?

A

Identify & select area, feasibility assessment, negotiation, interim management plan , establishment

77
Q

Background of NMCA

A

began in 2004, (2004 to 2011) - hosted 37 open houses & workshops in community , 10 stakeholder meetings, attended club meetings, events boat shows, communications, newsletters, E-News, web

78
Q

Why was southern strait of Georgia chosen for NMCA?

A

diversity of marine life

79
Q

proposed boundary of NMCA?

A

1400sq km

80
Q

Boundary considerations for NMCA?

A
  • conserve range of habitats & species
  • protect spatial & sensitive ecosystems
  • opportunities for educations & enjoyment
  • minimize socio-economic impact
81
Q

proposed excluded areas for NMCA

A
  • areas of high tenure concentration
  • specific tenures
  • provincial parks
  • rectangualr areas off valiant & values islands

Marine protected areas (1 decks)

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