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Anthology 105 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

The basic building block of life

A

Cell

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2
Q

Race is a

A

Social Construction

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3
Q

Race has __ definitions. NOT ____, but exists racially and socially.

A

many, biological

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4
Q

Define race

A

geographic pattern of variation in some biological traits that distinguish different human populations

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5
Q

Anthology

A

holistically studying humanity, the study of humankind in all its forms.

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6
Q

Scientific Method’s Four Sub-Disciplines:

A

Cultural, Biological, Linguistic, and Archaeology

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7
Q

T/F: Bio and culture are not separate. They are intrinsically connected.

A

True

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8
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment/data collection
  4. Analyza (support or reject hypothesis)
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9
Q

T/F: We want to understand traits adaptive significance.

A

True

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10
Q

Scientific interpretation =

A

product of the social atmosphere

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11
Q

(Aristotle) and the “immutability of species”:

A

organisms do not change, and do not evolve. They are designed and created perfectly.

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12
Q

(Aristotle) and the “Great Chain of Being”:

A

There is a hierarchy of organisms. i.e. worms to white men to God.

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13
Q

Aristotle’s influence on Middle Ages

A
  1. Earth is full.
  2. Species are fixed.
  3. There is a grand design for every organism.
  4. Earth is perfect and there is no need to change.
  5. Earth is the center of the universe.
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14
Q

Copernicus

A
  1. Sun-centered solar system
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15
Q

Galileo

A

Early 1600’s. Repeated Copernicus’s ideas.

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16
Q

Carlos Linnaeus

A

Linnaean Hierarchy, classifying organisms. Kingdom hierarchy.

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17
Q

Comte de Buffon

A

Animals change in response to their environment (adaptation).

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18
Q

Cuvier

A

Concept of extinction, but with biblical twist explained by “catastrophism” like Noah’s flood.

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19
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamark

A

Individuals evolve. Not true cause populations evolve.

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20
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

-geological process that what works today worked in the past. (Deep Time)

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21
Q

Darwin

A

On the Origin of Species (1859).

  • naturalist
  • evolution by natural selection
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22
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Independently discovered natural selection in Indonesia

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23
Q

Tenets of Natural Selection:

A
  1. More ind. are produced each generation than can survive.
  2. Phenotype variation exists among indv’s and that variation is heritable.
  3. Ind. with better suited traits to env. will survive and have greater reproductive success.
  4. When reproduction isolation occurs, so too will speciation.
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24
Q

Asa Gray

A

1st person in US to get copy of Darwin’s book. He passed it on to C. Loring Brace.

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25
Q

Transcendentalism

A

intuition over empiricism and materialism. Divinity flows into nature. People=good. Society=bad. Nature and Divine are intertwined. Can find God in Nature.

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26
Q

Polygenesis

A

multiple creations of humans at different rate of speed and times

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27
Q

monogenesis

A

one origin of humans and went on from there

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28
Q

T/F: Natural selection needs an intelligent creator. Process doesn’t work on chance. Change is not constant.

A

False

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29
Q

T/F Humans are special in natural selection

A

False

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30
Q

T/F Nature is filled with violence, death, and competition

A

True

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31
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

God has chosen us to take this land.

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32
Q

Social Darwinism

A

C. Loring Brace: the struggle for existence in NYC . Poverty is a byproduct of hereditary defects, they will adapt and progress towards better. (Monogenisis)

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33
Q

Gene relationship =

A

Simple

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34
Q

Past Concept of Blending Inheritance:

A

traits of one parent blend with traits of other parent.

ex) yellow duck + blue duck = green duck

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35
Q

Past concept: Pangenesis attributed to Darwin:

A

There are gemmutes in every part of our body that combine in sperm and egg in zygote created.

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36
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of organism. i.e. gene

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37
Q

Phenotype

A

observable or physical feature of an organism under genetic control. i.e. physical of genotype

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38
Q

T/F The relationship between G-P can be simple or complex because of the environment!

A

True

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39
Q

Mendel (1822-1884)

A

Noticed “atypical” and “typical” traits in pea plants. Traits are discrete, they DO NOT BLEND.

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40
Q

Particular Inheritance

A

offspring gets either atypical traits or typical trait.

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41
Q

Mendel’s pea plants experiments

A

Start out with F0 (parent generation). Always a 3:1 ratio when crossing F1 generation and making F2 generation. i.e. three purple and one white. Traits occur in pairs with NO blending.

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42
Q

Humans have on average __ chromosomes

A
  1. (23 pairs)
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43
Q

Basic building block of DNA

A

Nucleotides

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44
Q

Evolution is a 2 step process

A
  1. Produce variation

2. Natural selection acting on phenotype

45
Q

Natural selection acts on variation from first step of evolution in three ways:

A
  1. Directional
  2. Stabilizing
  3. Disruptive
  4. Sexual Selection (Special Case)
46
Q

Define Evolution

A

A change in allele frequency over time

47
Q

Parismony

A

the simplest conclusion is the most likely

48
Q

T/F Pure races do not exist and have never existed

A

True

49
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

Chromosomes randomly segregate into sex cells. (Meiosis)

50
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

Traits are inherited independently of other traits

51
Q

Mendelian genetics

A

Units can be dominant or recessive. i.e. Alleles-one from each parent.

52
Q

Forensic Scientists are wrong b/c:

A

They are only looking at regional variation. These are traits simply due to genetic drift or survival.

53
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles are dominant/recessive. “Homozygous-dominant” “Homozygous-recessive”

54
Q

Heterozygous

A

one dominant allele and one recessive allele

55
Q

T/F You only need one dominant allele to get dominant trait

A

True

56
Q

Mendel solved Darwin /Galton dilemma by:

A

Accounting for loss in variation

57
Q

Why care about Mendel?

A

Can predict genetic outcomes

58
Q

Evolution by natural selection must include __!!

A

Heredity (genetics allow us to understand it)

59
Q

Two types of cells:

A
  1. Eukaryote

2. Prokaryote

60
Q

Prokaryote

A

Has NO nucleus, no separation of genetic material

61
Q

Eukaryote

A

Has a nucleus and organelles. Separates genetic material. Complex organisms.

62
Q

Two types of Eukaryote cells:

A

Somatic and Gamete

63
Q

Somatic cell

A

Start out as stem cells- a general cell that can differentiate into cells like skin, bones, cartilage, etc..

64
Q

Gamete cell

A

Sperm and egg

65
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA during replication. Organized DNA in order to efficiently replicate. Location of genes.

66
Q

Chromatins

A

DNA most of the time. Unorganized DNA. (like spaghetti)

67
Q

Nucleus is house of ___

A

DNA

68
Q

Replication of Somatic cells

A

Mitosis

69
Q

Replication of Gamete cells

A

Meiosis

70
Q

Why does DNA fo from chromatin to chromosomes?

A

Chromatin is prone to errors and slow, and the goal is to replicate efficiently.

71
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Developed Double-Helix model of Chromosomes.

72
Q

Ashley Montagu (1942)

A

No biological races; Race is nothing but a social and political instrument.

73
Q

Chromosomes in somatic cells:

A

diploid. 46 and 23 pairs. 22 are autosomes. 1 pair is the sex chromosome.

74
Q

Chromosomes in gamete cells:

A

haploid. 23 total.

75
Q

Mitosis

A

Result: 2 identical daughter cells.
Process: every chromosome duplicates, when they duplicate, they stick together (sister chromatids) and are pulled apart by mitosis.

76
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

a duplicated chromosome stuck together

77
Q

When is mitosis needed?

A

All the time, especially during growth and development.

78
Q

Meiosis

A

Result: 4 identical daughter cells
Process: Essentially two rounds of mitosis.
Produces variation

79
Q

When is meiosis needed?

A

Needed to produce sperm and ova, sexual production.

80
Q

Special things about chromosomes:

A
  1. Each chromosome duplicates (46 to 92).
  2. Tetrads forms, crossing over occurs.
  3. Tetrads are pulled apart first
  4. Sister chromatids are pulled apart second = why siblings look alike.
    * proximity allows tetrads to swap DNA = produces variation!!!!
81
Q

Polymorphic variation

A

Within-group genetic diversity

82
Q

Polytypic variation

A

between- group genetic diversity

83
Q

T/F: Humans have both polytypic and polymorphic variation

A

True

84
Q

DNA is made of ___

A

Nucleotides

85
Q

Nucleotides 3 bases:

A

sugar, phosphate, base

86
Q

Genes are made of ___

A

Segments

87
Q

Adenine + ___ always links

A

Thymine

88
Q

Cytosine + ___ always links

A

Guanime

89
Q

Two Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

90
Q

Two Phosphates

A

Guanime and Adenine

91
Q

DNA 3 functions:

A
  1. Self-replication
  2. Protein synthesis
  3. Coordinate protein activities for growth and development.
92
Q

Evolution operates at the level of the ____

A

Population

93
Q

Natural selection operates at the level of ___

A

Individuals

94
Q

T/F Current environment does not play a critical role in evolution

A

False

95
Q

T/F Evolution can only change phenotype NOT genotype

A

True

96
Q

How do allele frequencies change?

A

The forces of evolution. They are non-directional

97
Q

3 forces of Evolution:

A

Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift

98
Q

Mutation force (produces variation)

A

a gene is altered/alleles are the result (Good or bad)

Only way to produce new genetic variation. Mutation itself is slow, but fast with natural selection.

99
Q

Gene Flow force (produces variation)

A

(migration) the flow of genes from one population to another among neighbors or interbreeding.

100
Q

Genetic drift force (produces variation)

A

diverse large population—>random event—-> lower diversity and variation ex) zombie apocalypse

101
Q

Founder’s Effect (From Genetic Drift)

A

Small band of founders leaves parent group and forms isolated colony ex) the Amish

102
Q

Directional theory (natural selection)

A

a constant shift in allele frequency in response to environmental pressures (Wave chart that gets darker)

103
Q

Stabilizing theory (natural selection)

A

favors the common forms of trait in a population i.e. the extremes are eliminated ex) 7lb baby

104
Q

Disruptive theory

A

favors the extremes of the trait. i.e. intermediates are eliminated. plays a role in speciation.

105
Q

____ are limiting factor in sexual selection

A

Females

106
Q

Louis Agassiz

A

Harvard professor; professed the “natural inequality” of the races, even though he lacked scientific data.

107
Q

Biocultural anthropology recognizes that ______

A

culture can influence biology

108
Q

Allele

A

A version of a gene

109
Q

Natural selection works on the genotype or phenotype?

A

Phenotype

Anthology 105 (2 decks)

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