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353 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

How is ecology linked to resource management?

A
  • Populations grow
  • Species competition
  • Biodiversity maintenance
  • Trophic feeding relationships
  • Influence of physical environment
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2
Q

What is biodiversity in the ocean like? (3)

A
  • Of discovered world species, marine species =4-14%
  • Likely underestimated
  • Most are benthic
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3
Q

How are marine organisms classified?

A

By lifestyle

  • Plankton float (phytoplankton and zooplankton)
  • Nekton swim (fish)
  • Benthos live on bottom (epifauna and infauna)
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4
Q

5 major oceanic fisheries areas

A
  • West coast North America
  • Peru coast
  • NW Africa
  • SW Africa
  • Ethiopia
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5
Q

Role of whales in nutrient transport

A
  • Deep divers bringing up P via their feeding
  • Their poop floats, fuels phytoplankton
  • Declines in whales have caused this nutrient pump to decrease (24% historic value)
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6
Q

Why are kelp forests important?

A
  • Highly productive (in nutrient and light-rich waters)
  • Structure to support species
  • Bring nutrients from marine to terrestrial land (birds eat kelp)
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7
Q

Animals involved with kelp forests

A

Sea cows -> sea otters -> urchins -> kelp

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8
Q

Explain top-down control of kelp forests

A

Pre-contact: otters each urchins eat kelp
Post-contact fur trade: urchins overgraced kelp forests
Re-introduction: otters controlled urchin population

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9
Q

Why were whales blamed for declines in otters?

A
  • lost their normal diet of harbour seals and sea lions ->adapt
  • We overfished large fish for whales to eat
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10
Q

What is an estuary?

A

Portion of ocean semi-enclosed by land and diluted by freshwater runoff (embayment)

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11
Q

Characteristics (benefits) of estuaries (6)

A
  • Nutrients from rivers = highly productive
  • Wildlife habitat
  • Nursery for marine fish
  • Migratory path for salmon
  • Refuge from marine predators
  • Dungeness crab mass tidal migrations
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12
Q

CPUE

A

Catch per unit effort

- A proxy of abundance

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13
Q

osmoregulation

A

adapting to saltwater

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14
Q

Explain the relationship between adult chum salmon and chum fry…thanks mom and dad!

A
  • Adult chum die and fertilize algae (Ulva) in fall migration
  • Copepods eat Ulva, chum fry eat copepods!
  • “Conveyor belt”
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15
Q

Why are estuaries economically and industrially attractive?

A
  • Sheltered harbours and river access = transport
  • Fishing and recreation
  • Liquid waste disposal
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16
Q

What are estuaries vulnerable to?

A
  • Habitat degradation/destruction
  • Chemical contamination
  • Depletion of fish
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17
Q

Characteristics of eelgrass

A
  • Sub-tidal, adjacent to estuaries and shoreline
  • Worldwide in temperate and tropical seas
  • Soft-sediments
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18
Q

Benefits of eelgrass (5)

A
  • Refuge from predation
  • Enhance food resources
  • Reduce local current velocities
  • Produce Oxygen
  • Stabilize shoreline and stores carbon via underground biomass
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19
Q

Foundation species in coastal food webs

A

Pacific herring = prey for other animals

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20
Q

Why are Pacific herring declining?

A 
Climate-induced ecological changes in:
- Predator distribution
- Disease
Overfishing
Rebound of marine mammal predators
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21
Q

Why did herring populations collapse in 1960s?

A
  • Increased fleet efficiency
  • Reduction fisheries (turning herring into oil and fertilizer)
  • Poor recruitment
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22
Q

What happens to eelgrass?

A
  • Eutrophication causes algae to outcompete eelgrass

- habitat loss

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23
Q

Who is Gail Shea?

A

Federal Fisheries Minister

  • Approved the reopening of commercial roe herring fisheries on First Nations land
  • Ignored recommendations from DFO scientists (2013)
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24
Q

The key ecological role of Forage fish (AKA HERRING) (3)

A
  • prey for lingcod and salmon
  • key position in food webs
  • Few species, but high biomass
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25
Q

Shifting baseline syndrome and fishery scientists

A
  • Each generation of fisheries scientists accepts baseline that occurred at start of their careers
  • Uses this to evaluate change
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26
Q

Recent declines in salmon numbers according to Schindler (3)

A
  • fishery exploitation
  • habitat loss
  • hatchery practices limiting “conveyor belt”
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27
Q

Why is the herring egg nesting related to “New Year” to the Heiltsuk?

A
  • Least amount of photosynthetic and animal activity in months prior
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28
Q

Salmons accumulate over 95% of their biomass where?

A

OCEAN!

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29
Q

Who eats salmon carcasses and eggs? (4)

A
  • Benthic invertebrates, fish, bacteria, primary producers
30
Q

Two nutrients derived from salmon

A

P and N

31
Q

How are salmon ecosystem engineers? (4)

A

Dig nests (holes)

  • alters sediment comp
  • disturbs benthic communities-> predators eat them
  • Changes water and oxygen flow ->increased egg survival
  • increases silt export
32
Q

How do salmon derived nutrients enter terrestrial ecosystems? (5)

A
  • Terrestrial predator consumption
  • Birds and scavengers
  • Floodplains depositing carcasses
  • Subsurface water flow to riparian zones
  • Aquatic bugs -> riparian zones
33
Q

What parts of the salmon do bears eat?

A
  • Brain, roe and dorsal muscle

THEY ARE PICKY

34
Q

Greater energetic reward: Chum salmon vs Pink

A

Chum salmon are larger and fattier, so bears bring them into the forest more frequently

35
Q

Vectors for salmon nutrients to the forest (4)

A

Primary: Bears
Secondary: wolves, eagles
- faeces, carcasses
- Groundwater flow, flooding

36
Q

HIRMD

A

Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department

37
Q

Nitrogen rich indicator

A

Salmonberry

38
Q

Nitrogen poor indicator

A

Blueberry

39
Q

Missing indicator in Salmon forest story

A

Bushes!

- fertilized with salmon remains on sides of waterfalls

40
Q

How do salmon subsidies shift plant communities

A

Decrease plant diversity

  • Nitrogen rich indicators outcompete nitrogen poor indicators
  • This means more diversity when soil is nutrient poor
41
Q

Three periods of human impact on marine ecosystems

A

Aboriginal: subsistence exploitation
Colonial: foreign mercantile powers
Global: intense geographically pervasive exploitation

42
Q

Bottom-up effects on estuaries

A

increases in P and N from fertilizers causing planktonic primary production -> eutrophication

43
Q

When and How does overexploitation happen? (4)

A
  • Wealth and power, promotes further exploitation
  • Scientific understanding limited, lack of controls
  • System complexity
  • Natural variation masks over-exploitation
44
Q

Major threats to salmon in the Columbia River Basin (4)

A
  • Hatcheries
  • Harvest -> first to depress salmon
  • Hydropower
  • Habitat loss
45
Q

How did Columbia River Salmon harvest get out of control? (3)

A
  • Short-term economic benefits > long-term conservation
  • Poor enforcement of restrictions
  • Limited salmon biology knowledge
46
Q

Habitat degradation and Columbia River Salmon: 4 mechanisms

A
  • Logging
  • Agriculture
  • Livestock grazing
  • Mining
47
Q

What is the influence of riparian vegetation on salmon physiology?

A
  • Vegetation covers water reducing temperatures
  • Human land-use reduced vegetation, water temps 2 degrees higher than historical levels
  • Affects salmon metabolism and shelter
48
Q

Effects of hydropower dams in Columbia River Basin (3)

A
  • Reduces spawning habitat
  • Changes flow conditions
  • Alters habitats
    55% of historic spawning habitats are blocked by dams.
49
Q

Fish ladders

A

An example of an effective technological solution for adult salmon passage

50
Q

The problem with hatcheries (3)

A
  • Takes away resources from other recovery efforts
  • Competition for food and habitat between wild and hatchery
  • Genetic effects with cross breeding = unsuccessful
51
Q

Ludwigs principles

A
  • Study human motivation and manage it -> GREED
  • Act before consensus is achieved
  • Expect scientists to identify, not remedy problems
  • Distrust sustainability claims -> history repeats
  • Confront uncertainty in management
52
Q

What is so different about us human predators? (4)

A
  • Geographic range
  • Ability to preserve and store
  • Seek surplus -> economics
  • Technology
53
Q

Predator-prey flow chart

A

Search->detect->pursuit-> capture

- Each step theres an opportunity to escape

54
Q

Status of world fish stocks

A

a third are significantly overexploited

55
Q

Problems that prevent recovery: the resources

A
  • Natural predation
  • Interspecific competition
  • Allee effect: small pop sizes = increased predation, reduced fertility
56
Q

Relationship between Harbour seals and Chinook salmon

A
  • Herring and hake are seals primary prey, salmon isnt
  • Hake eats salmon smolts
  • So seals actually help keep salmon alive
57
Q

Problems that prevent recovery: humans

A
  • Slow response to address depletion
  • Inability to reduce mortality to zero (by-catch continues)
  • Always hunting BOFF
  • Lack of consensus
58
Q

To understand how fisheries is managed, need to know about one number…

A

Total allowable catch (TAC)

59
Q

What is the law of the sea?

A

200 mile limit for management

60
Q

Stock equilibrium depends on the balance of what four factors?

A

( Recruitment + growth ) - (Natural mortality + fishing removal)

61
Q

Why is the population growth rate low at the start?

A

Few fish in population, but lots of resources per fish

62
Q

Why is the population growth rate low at the end?

A

Lots of fish in population, but less resources per fish

63
Q

Where is carrying capacity on the graph?

A

At the very end

- no further growth is possible

64
Q

What happens in the middle of the graph?

A
  • 1/2 carrying capacity also Nmsy

- population size with the highest growth rate

65
Q

Where do we want the population size?

A

Lower than the carrying capacity so positive growth rate is ensured

66
Q

What is SR?

A

Stock-Recruitment

- a model showing how much fish SHOULD be added to the population based on previous year stocks

67
Q

Problems with fisheries modelling and SR models

A
  • poor track record
  • many fish stocks fished into near-extinction with models
  • decline in field work
68
Q

Why are grizzly bears ideal for assessing uncertainty in wildlife management?

A
  • Limited demographic information
  • Life-history characteristics (long-life span, low reproductive rates, slow pop growth)
  • Very vulnerable to population declines
69
Q

Define uncertainty

A

Measure of our confidence in a measure

- i.e. precision

70
Q

AAM

A

Annual Allowable Mortality

- number allowed to be killed by humans each year, excluding unreported mortalities

71
Q

What does the red in the graph equal?

A

Proportion of cases where observed mortality exceeded simulated limits

72
Q

Limits vs targets

A
  • Limits are what you don’t want to exceed

- Targets are what you aim for, knowing you might miss

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