Midterm

Question 1

Colonial model

Answer 1

 The territory of one racial group is invaded by other. The goal in this phase is to acquire valuable resources such as gold or furs.
 A colonial society is formed…Native populations are forced to adopt the values and way of life of the colonial power.
 Native people find themselves governed by representatives of the colonizers power, such as the police and military
o That forceful effort has strongly shaped the relationship between law enforcement agencies and Native populations, this reduces the likelihood that colonized populations will cooperate with the police, and the law
 The colonial society develops a caste system based on race. As a result, access to socially valuable resources such as land, jobs, and education is shaped by racial considerations.
o This provides opportunities for settler populations and an economy of disadvantage for Natives

Question 2

Physical genocide

Answer 2

mass killing of the members of a targeted group

Question 3

Biological genocide

Answer 3

destruction of the group’s reproductive capacity.

Question 4

Cultural genocide

Answer 4

destruction of those structures and practices that allow the group to continue as a group
 Cultural genocide involves destroying a group’s political and social institutions, seizing their land, forcibly moving their populations and having their movement restricted, banning their languages, persecuting their spiritual leaders and banning their spiritual practices, objects of spiritual value are confiscated and destroyed and families are disrupted to prevent transmission of cultural values and identity.
o Canada did all these things.

Question 5

Goal of the Indian Policy

Answer 5

was to end Indian status and terminate the Treaties that the federal government had negotiated with FN
 They pursued cultural genocide to rid itself of its legal and financial obligations to Indigenous and gain control over their land and resources.

Question 6

TRC’s description of reconciliation

Answer 6

an ongoing individual and collective process, and will require commitment from all those affected including FNs, Inuit, and Metis former Indian Residential School students, their families, communities, religious entities, former school employees, government and the people of Canada.

Question 7

TRC’s definition of reconciliation

Answer 7

“an ongoing process of establishing and maintaining respectful relationships.”
o Involves repairing damaged trust by apologizing, providing individual and collective reparations, and following through with concrete actions that demonstrate real societal change.
o Establishing respectful relationships requires the revitalization of indigenous law and legal traditions

Question 8

Reconciliation cannot occur without..

Answer 8

listening, contemplation, mediation, and deeper internal deliberation.

Question 9

When was the TRC established

Answer 9

was established in 2008 under the terms of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement

Question 10

Overrepresentation of Indigenous People in the Criminal Justice System

Answer 10

 The indigenous prison population in the Canadian Prairie Provinces is excessively high: “Among the provinces, Aboriginal adults made up the greatest proportion of admissions to custody in Manitoba (74%) and Saskatchewan (76%). These two provinces also have the highest proportion of Aboriginal adults among their provincial populations at 15% for Manitoba, and 14% for Saskatchewan (Statistics Canada)

Question 11

Harm reduction

Answer 11

 Harm reduction is a concept among healthcare workers that seeks to reduce the negative health consequences of drug abuse.
 Health care practitioners should so the people how to use the drugs so they are less harmful on you. For example, using fresh needles; don’t take too much drugs, use less and then taper off.

Question 12

Indigenous women are most likely…

Answer 12

 Indigenous women are most likely to go missing in urban areas and “are three times more likely to be killed by a stranger than non-Aboriginal women are”.

Question 13

Who are most likely to be victims of homicide in Canada

Answer 13

Indigenous males. 7 times more likely than non-aboriginal males

Question 14

Indigenous youths are overrepresented…

Answer 14

in custody, 34% female, 24% male

Question 15

Police towards Indigenous

Answer 15

 Indigenous peoples are singled out by police and treated like criminals.
 Police often view indigenous males as criminal types while indigenous women are stereotyped as prostitutes

Question 16

What has stereotyping of indigenous led to

Answer 16

 The stereotyping of indigenous has invariably led indigenous homicide victims to receive less attention in the media and the justice system than mainstream Canadians who are victims of homicide

Question 17

Rate for Aboriginals accused of homcidie

Answer 17

 Rate for Aboriginals accused of homicide is ten times higher than non-indigenous

Question 18

Common factors related to colonialism that increase the risk of being a victim and being a perpetrator of violence

Answer 18

o The commonalities that increase the risk of being a victim and a perpetrator of violence are rooted in conditions and implications of historical colonization
 Forced into residential schools where they experienced abuse, imperialism, racism, and patriarchy.
• Effects include addiction issues, low self-esteem, and male dominated communities.

Question 19

What’s the rate of murders of Aboriginal women that remain unsolved

Answer 19

Almost half

Question 20

Six main reasons of overrepresentation of aboriginal people in Canadian justice system

Answer 20

1. Intergenerational legacy of residential schools
2. Systemic Bias in the Criminal Justice System
3. Mandatory minimum sentences
4. Social assumptions
5. Challenges of assessing rehabilitation programs in prison and after prison
6. Negative stereotypes

Question 21

how common is co-substance-user relationship among Aboriginal females

Answer 21

 A ‘co-substance user’ relationship was three times more common among Aboriginal females killed by a casual acquaintance (38%) than among non-Aboriginal females (12%).
o Casual acquaintance relationship was based solely on the co-consumption of alcohol, drugs, or other intoxicating substances immediately prior to the homicide.

Question 22

Overrepresentation in prisons

Answer 22

 The overrepresentation of Aboriginal women in Canadian prisons is even greater than that of Aboriginal men
o Aboriginal men are incarcerated at big rates because these are male prisons
o Aboriginal women are incarcerated for more violent crimes than non-Aboriginal women

Question 23

Homcide rate of Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous

Answer 23

 Aboriginal people were victims of homicide at a rate that was about seven times higher than that of non-Aboriginal people
 The homicide rate for Aboriginal females was six times higher than for their non-Aboriginal counterparts.

Question 24

Gladue report

Answer 24

 Gladue decision said they were going to make special efforts to find reasonable alternatives to imprisonment for Indigenous and to take into account the background and systemic factors that bring them into contact with the justice system
 Gladue decision resulted in the production of more extensive pre-sentence or reports that detail the background and contextual circumstances of Aboriginal offenders.
o These reports are supposed to inform judges decisions and encourage alternative options to incarceration
o Some jurisdiction provide few resources for the intensive, specialized, and culturally sensitive work that is necessary to produce an adequate Gladue report
 The Supreme Court pointed out that some judges had erred in their application of Gladue by concluding that it did not apply to serious offences or that it required an offender to demonstrate a casual connection between the commission of the crime and the legacy of residential schools or other background or contextual factors that help explain why an Aboriginal offender is before the courts.
 Even if excellent Gladue reports were prepared from coast to coast, they would still fail to make a difference in the amount of Indigenous overrepresentation in the prison system without the addition of realistic alternatives to imprisonment

Question 25

Will overrepresentation increase or decrease with mandatory sentences

Answer 25

 Overrepresentation will increase with mandatory minimum sentences. Will prevent judges from implementing community sanctions even if it’s consistent with the safety of the community and a greater potential to respond to the intergenerational legacy of residential schools that often result in offences by Indigenous

Question 26

Effects of FASD

Answer 26

 Offenders with FASD had much higher rates of criminal involvement than those without FASD
o There’s a need in Indigenous communities for more programs that address the problems of addiction and FASD
 Called upon the governments to recognize as a high priority the need to address and prevent FASD and to develop in collaboration with Indigenous, FASD preventive programs that can be delivered in a culturally appropriate manner.
 Even if trial judges know the symptoms of FASD, they are generally unable to take notice of FASD without evidence of a diagnosis
o An official diagnosis entails a long and costly process of multidisciplinary referrals
o Better diagnostic tools are needed as well as sufficient resources for intensive community programs as realistic alternatives to jail and as a support for those with FASD to avoid repeated conflicts with the law
 Mandatory minimum sentences complicates the situation of offenders with FASD as it denies judges the flexibility to consider individual circumstances in their sentencing
o Prison could be used unnecessarily as another expensive crisis intervention for offenders with FASD
o Government can do more to tailor correctional and parole resources to facilitate the reintegration of offenders with FASD into their communities
 Call on the government to undertake reforms to the criminal justice system to better address the needs of offenders with FASD

Question 27

When can help with the healing of inmates

Answer 27

 Aboriginal culture and spirituality can contribute to the healing of the inmates, increased self-esteem, and to positive changes in lifestyle that make release and reintegration a real possibility,
o Recidivism rates for indigenous who participated in spiritual activities were lower than those who did not

Question 28

Only few provinces have Aboriginal justice strategies that include…

Answer 28

 Only few provinces have Aboriginal justice strategies that include cultural awareness training for officials and contracting with Aboriginal communities to provide spiritual leadership, counselling, and cultural programming for prisoners.

Question 29

has the YCJA been successful in reducing the overrepresentation of Indigenous

Answer 29

 By many objective measures the YCJA has been a success. It has not succeeded in reducing the overrepresentation of Aboriginal youth in the criminal justice system.
o The great vulnerability and disadvantage experienced that contribute to their overrepresentation is tied to the legacy of the residential schools.
o Intergeneration effects of residential schools place them at a greater risk of involvement with crime.

Question 30

Link between overrepresentation of Aboriginal youth and child-welfare agencies

Answer 30

 The growing overrepresentation of Aboriginal youth in custody is likely related to the overrepresentation of Aboriginal children in the care of child-welfare agencies.
o Ways to reduce the overrepresentation is likely to be supporting Aboriginal families and alleviating the poverty experienced by many Aboriginal communities
o Government should lead by committing the resources necessary to eliminating the overrepresentation of children and youth in care and custody.
 Collecting and publishing better data to measure progress

Question 31

Likelihood of Aboriginals being victimized by crime

Answer 31

 Aboriginals are 58% are more likely to be victimized by crime. Aboriginal women report being victimized by violent crime 3x higher than non-Aboriginal women
 1/10 Indigenous reported being a victim of non-spousal violent crimes, more than double the rate reported by non-Aboriginal people.

Question 32

Who is more likely to experience risk factors for violence

Answer 32

 Aboriginal women and girls are more likely than other women to experience risk factors for violence.
o They are disproportionately young, poor, unemployed, and likely to have been involved with the child-welfare system and to live in a community marked by social disorder.

Question 33

Eurocentricism

Answer 33

 Eurocentrism is the notion that Indigenous peoples are racially and culturally inferior to Western European colonizers.
o The idea that Europeans and their ancestors are superior to everyone
 An example of Eurocentrism is the notion that God is white male up in the sky, reinforces the notion of European superiority. When they look at the man they do not see a reflection of their culture and identity.
 Eurocentrism creates or perpetuates inequality in education and in the wider social and economic conditions through evaluation standards that are culturally biased in favor of the dominant group

Question 34

Resilience

Answer 34

 Debate with the concept of resilience. One notion is misleading because it implies that nature alone is responsible for resilience.
o Resilience is a process that can be acquired and developed. The ability to cope with change. Nature vs. Nurture or biology vs. environmental
 Indigenous resilience arises out being flexible and having a vision to succeed.
 Resilient people are not rigid, they are very flexible according to the Valaskakis, Stout, and Guimond study.
o People with rigid personalities are not as resilient]
 Decolonization promotes a model of Indigenous resilience.
 Resilience in indigenous education can be developed through indigenous constructs such as identifying and re-examination traditional teachings which can be accomplished by having discussions with Elders.

Question 35

Effects of the Eurocentric residential schools

Answer 35

 The most devastating effects of the Eurocentric residential schools was the damage done to the family unit.
o Suppression of language and culture devastated Indigenous families
o Eurocentric education is detrimental to Indigenous communities
o Eurocentric education devastated children, the family unit, and the Indigenous way of life was changed forever.

Question 36

Eurocentric education is..

Answer 36

 Eurocentric education was identified as major factor in the loss of language, traditional teachings, and values.
o Estrangement from traditional values, teachings, and languages has had negative effects on the Indigenous communities
o The result of such estrangement is a decrease in the capacity for resilience

Question 37

Incarceration of Indigenous

Answer 37

 Indigenous are 30 times more likely to be incarcerated than the non-Indigenous population.

Question 38

Most of the MMIW

Answer 38

under the age of 31

Question 39

Where there are high incarceration rates there are…

Answer 39

many colonial structures

Question 40

Cultural explanations for the overrepresentation of Aboriginals in the CJS is problematic

Answer 40

o They propose a monolithic Aboriginal culture, Aboriginal cultures are diverse.

Question 41

Two major strands in cultural theories of Aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice process

Answer 41

o 1st—Views Aboriginal cultures as inherently violent
o 2nd comes close to conflict theory—This perspective views Aboriginal cultures as different from the dominant—Canadian culture in content and/or manner of expression
 Aboriginal cultures emphasize on sharing, and their traditional approaches to dispute resolution—which emphasize mediation and healing are viewed as unsuited to the adverbial system imported from Europe

Question 42

How many inmates enter custody with substance abuse issues

Answer 42

 ¾ inmates enter custody with substance abuse issues and that for about 50% of federal inmates
 There is a direct link between their substance use and criminal behavior

Question 43

Poverty

Answer 43

 Poverty is a root cause of crime, and without adequately addressing poverty issues, it may not be possible to solve the violent crime issues plaguing Indian reservations.
 Where there are high rates of poverty, there are high rates of crime

Question 44

Hegemony

Answer 44

 Hegemony: the imposition of dominant group ideology onto everyone in society.
o Makes it difficult to escape or to resist believing in this dominant ideology, thus social control is achieved through conditioning rather than physical force or intimidation

Question 45

Oppression

Answer 45

 Oppression occurs when one group is able to enforce its prejudice and discrimination throughout society because it controls the institutions.
o Occurs at the group or macro level and goes well beyond individuals.
o Sexism, racism, ableism, and heterosexism are forms of oppression
o If you deviate from social norms you can find yourself oppressed or marginalized

Question 46

Police

Answer 46

 The police often give closer attention to people who meet certain social criteria (young lower class males) and minority group members may disproportionately be included in these groups

Question 47

Lifestyle theory

Answer 47

the view that lifestyle of the victim is a factor in the likelihood of a crime being committed such as the number of times the victim goes out or the people the victim associates with.

Question 48

Proximity hypothesis

Answer 48

the view that people become crime victims because they live or work in areas with large criminal populations

Question 49

Deviant place theory

Answer 49

the theory that suggests there are natural areas for crime, which are poor, densely populated, high transient neighborhoods in the commercial and residential property exists side by side

Question 50

Predator crime

Answer 50

A violent opportunistic crime, not usually familial related, such as stealing brand name clothing from strangers.

Question 51

Assimilation

Answer 51

one way process when a minority group… it’s made easier when the people being assimilated when they physically look similar to the ones colonizing them. If their culture is similar then it is easier for them to assimilate. When they arrive at a time of economic prosperity and their populations are very small it’s easier for them to assimilate

Question 52

Colonized indigenous are..

Answer 52

 The colonized Indigenous are the poorest of the poor and are habitually subjected to discrimination and systemic racism
o Institutionalized racialization is reflected in the overrepresentation of Indigenous incarcerated

Question 53

Are prisons effective

Answer 53

 Prisons are not effective in the sense they fail to rehabilitate. Longer sentences do not reduce recidivism, but may increase it. Canada is a world leader in incarcerating 118 per 100,000 of its population

Question 54

Role education plays in crime

Answer 54

o Western education is Euro-centric whereby Indigenous are subjected to negative interpretations and labels of their identities
 These serve as a stimulus towards advancing the criminalization of Indigenous students
 Schools discriminate and expel many within their Indigenous student body
 Curriculum lacks a sense of Indigenous history and culture which plays a role in the process of criminalizing Indigenous

Question 55

How do schools contribute to criminality

Answer 55

o Schools contribute to criminality by labelling problem youths which sets them apart from conventional society
 Perpetuates this stigmatization by streaming—classifying university bound and underachievers
 Many school dropouts, especially those expelled have a higher chance of engaging in crime

Question 56

How do school administrators and teachers promote racial and social inequality

Answer 56

o School administrators and teachers promote racial and social inequality through mandatory culturally biased testing and myths. Ex., racism and stereotypes
o Schools reproduce a distinctive Eurocentric curriculum comprised of white supremacist ideology that serves to maintain racial inequality

Question 57

Aboriginal youth in custody and community supervision

Answer 57

 Aboriginal youth make up 50% of custody admissions and 42% of community admissions—overrepresented in both custody and community supervision
 Aboriginal male youth accounted for 47% in custody
 Aboriginal females made up a greater proportion of custody admissions among youth relative to their male counterparts. Accounted for 60%, males accounted for 40%
 These stats are a reflection of colonial dominate and institutional racism

Question 58

What aspects have a role in fostering crime

Answer 58

 Poverty, unemployment, racial inequality, social prejudice, family dysfunction, and drug and alcohol abuse all have a role in fostering crime.
o A significant amount of criminal offenders have been offended against as a child
o The abuse in Residential schools resulted in the devastation of language, parenting skills, and cultural identity
o This treatment led to a cycle of addiction, dysfunction, and violence within Indigenous communities

Question 59

Longer prison sentences do what..

Answer 59

Increase recidivism

Question 60

How overrepresentation of Indigenous serve the majority

Answer 60

 While the criminal justice system is undermining Indigenous populations in the name of justice, non-Indigenous are benefiting from this colonial relationship
o If Indigenous offenders were released prisons would be empty and forced to close resulting in workers laid off, the majority of layoffs would not affect the Indigenous population
o The under-representation of Aboriginal people as employees in the criminal justice system is just as notable as the overrepresentation of inmates

Question 61

Prison industrial complex

Answer 61

 The prison industrial complex is not as developed in Canada as the US.
o Governments utilize four justifications for incarceration: incapacitation, deterrence, retribution, and rehabilitation
o By utilizing the services of private prisons, governments have given up the responsibility to manage inmate populations—purpose of punishment shifts from its original objective to one of profiteering
o Privatized prisons in the states have a vested interests in keeping prison populations full to exploit the prisoners for cheap labor. They exploit prisoners to make profit
o The prison industrial complex is a self-perpetuating machine where the vast profits and perceived political benefits lead to policies that are additionally designed to ensure an endless supply of “clients” for the criminal justice system
o This complex is so developed in the states it seriously debases communities of color

Question 62

Policing

Answer 62

 The participants’ collective narrative in Saskatchewan is that police officers have routinely racialized, degraded, and dehumanized them
o Police view Indigenous males as suspected drug dealers or gangers while Indigenous women as prostitutes
o Many participants reported police using abusive language toward them
o Indigenous are deterred from laying complaints against police because Indigenous complaints are routinely deemed uncredible

Question 63

Aboriginals are more likely to..

Answer 63

 Aboriginal accused are more likely to be charged with multiple offences
 They often plead guilty because they are intimidated by court proceedings and want them over with
 Are pressured to plead guilty whether they are or not and therefore experience institutional discrimination within the criminal justice system
 They receive harsher sentences than non-indigenous and are more likely to receive prison sentences than non-indigenous who do the same crime

Question 64

Culture is linked to addiction how

Answer 64

 Culture plays a major role in addictions recovery among Indigenous, but is not the sole way they heal
 Alcoholics anonymous, education, religion, harm reduction strategies, and so on have helped

Question 65

Five fold purpose of walking with will encompass the following

Answer 65

1. To provide fellowship
2. To be and to live reconciled to community
3. To gain a better understanding of alcohol and mood-altering chemicals as an aid to overcoming the deleterious effects their use has caused
4. To be built up and strengthened in our Spiritual connection to self, others, and the environment
5. To render dedicated service to others who are suffering as we either have suffered or are now suffering

Question 66

An indigenous elder does not portray the pratice of banishment to be..

Answer 66

 An Indigenous elder does not portray the practice of banishment to be a method of punishment but rather explains that banishment is meant “for survival”
o Sometimes an addicted person would be told to leave the community so they could embark on a healing journey
o For the Cree, the experience of being alone with nature is healing. Elders talk about the capacity for healing when one re-connects with nature

Question 67

Self-efficacy

Answer 67

 The psychological concept of self-efficacy is also very much of the process.
o Self-efficacy: the capability people believe they possess to the effect a specific behavior in order to accomplish a goal
o Self-efficacy is the judgements one has which pertain to what one can do with the skills they have
i. When you believe you can do it you are more likely to be successful at it

Question 68

DNA having to do with addiction

Answer 68

 The view that genes play a decisive role in the way a person’s develops has been, replaced by a radically different notion: the expression of genetic potential is contingent on the environment
o 70% of addiction is programmed by our DNA
 Pain is a primary environment trigger which under the right circumstances impacts upon the expression of genetic potential toward addiction

Question 69

Effects of Residential school

Answer 69

• Destroyed the language so they could not communicate with each other
• Suppress the Indigenous culture
• Use physical punishment for control
• Caused social destruction of trust that’s crucial to a functioning family