Midterm Flashcards
List issues in the global market
Increasing population, decreasing arable land, crops for animals versus humans versus biofuels, efficiency of production (need to DOUBLE by 2050)
List issues with consumers
Uninformed, getting fatter, mass consumption, revolutions in industry (ie. KFC dividing chicken into several pieces), antibiotic argument, packaging
List issues with farmers
Reduced farm population, rural crimes, farms are getting larger and further apart, labour for farms is decreasing, huge markup from selling to grocery stores, helped through direct buying, American vs Canadian pricing, supply management and cap imports, urban farmers (backyard chickens)
List issues in production efficiency
Genetic engineering of animals, breeders look for genotype sustainability, artificial selection makes it so that turkeys can no longer breed naturally, genetic diversity is decreasing, technology advances, people want less genetically modified animals, animals grow bigger faster so they can go to market quicker
List issues in animal welfare
Stop using growth hormone (cows udders were getting so big they were stepping on it), implants of hormones into animals (in ears of cows), laying hens have nest boxes, roosts and other chickens now, not in larger rooms since chickens can be cannibalistic, piglet crushing is a danger so sows are kept barred
List issues in animal health
Biosecurity: protecting investments, politics of testing and telling, reportable diseases, TB, H1N1, mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), avian flu, porcine epidemic diarrhea, maintaining consumer confidence
List issues in marketing
SM5 (Dairy – Alberta Milk, Table Eggs – Egg Farmers of Alberta, Broiler Chickens – Alberta Chicken Producers, Broiler Hatching Eggs – Alberta Hatching Egg Producers, Turkeys – Alberta Turkey Producers), costs of quota, small unit production maximums, processor contracts, hog cycles, building a brand, supporting brand integrity
Production Management
Using a quota system, producers can ensure that a steady supply of quality products are available to meet consumer demand.
Predictable Imports
Canada’s federal government has committed to limit imports to ensure Canadian dairy and poultry market requirements are primarily met by Canadian production.
Pricing Mechanism
Poultry and Dairy producers receive prices that provide a reasonable return, which enable producers to cover production costs. Canadian producers do not rely on taxpayer subsidies.
List issues in economy of scale
Low price - high volume, high price - low volume, market sustainability, availability of processors, building relationships with customers, fixed costs of biosecurity of health, life style
Chicken Scientific Name
Gallus domesticus
Turkey Scientific Name
Melleagris gollopavo
Duck Scientific Name
Anas platyrhyncha
Horse Scientific Name
Equus caballus
European Cattle Scientific Name
Bos taurus
Tropical Cattle Scientific Name
Bos indicus
Sheep Scientific Name
Ovis aries
Goat Scientific Name
Capra hircus
Swine Scientific Name
Sus scrofa
Steer
Castrated male bovine
Calf
Baby bovine
Bull
Intact male bovine
Heifer
Pre pubescent female cow
Cow
Female bovine
Piglet
Baby pig
Barrow
Castrated male pig
Boar
Intact male pig
Gilt
Young female pig that has not given birth
Sow
Adult female pig
Lamb
Baby sheep
Wether
Castrated male sheep
Ram
Intact male sheep
Ewe Lamb
Unweaned female sheep
Ewe
Adult female sheep
Kid
Baby goat
Buck
Intact adult male goat
Doe
Adult female goat
Foal
Baby horse
Colt
Young male horse
Filly
Young female horse
Gelding
Castrated male horse
Stallion
Intact male horse
Mare
Adult female horse
Chick
Baby chicken
Capon
Castrated male chicken
Rooster
Intact male chicken
Pullet
Young hen
Hen
Adult female chicken
Poult
Baby turkey
Tom
Male turkey
Hen
Female turkey
Ovulation
Release of eggs from ovary (or ovaries)
Corpus luteum
Hormone secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates unless pregnancy has begun
Estrus
Period of sexual receptivity (heat)
Estrous
The reproductive cycles: includes estrus, ovulation, and changes in the uterine lining
Implantation
When the embryo attaches to the uterine wall
Standing Heat
Occurs in sows, when they are receptive to breeding and will stand still when pressure is placed on their backs
Parturition
Process of giving birth
Estrous Synchronization
Synchronizing the reproductive cycles of a group of animals
Artificial Insemination
Inseminating an animal using a variety of artificial methods
Oviposition
Laying eggs (poultry)
Onset of puberty for: a mare, cow, ewe, and sow respectively?
18 months, 4-24 months, 4-12 months (1st fall), and 3-7 months
Length of estrous cycle for: a mare, cow, ewe, and sow respectively?
21 days, 21 days, 16.5 days, and 21 days
Length of estrous cycle for: a mare, cow, ewe, and sow respectively?
21 days, 21 days, 16.5 days, and 21 days
Length of estrus for: a mare, cow, ewe, and sow respectively?
5 days, 18 hours, 24-28 hours, and 2 days
Gestation period for: a mare, cow, ewe, and sow respectively?
336 days, 282 days, 150 days, and 114 days
What does progesterone do (cow)?
Prepares a cow for pregnancy, tells the body to calm down and stop producing estrogen and inducing heat
What does the chalaza do?
Stabilizes the yolk and keeps it in the middle of the egg
How do chickens reproduce?
Cloacal kiss (semen runs down roosters cloaca into the hens cloaca and into the vagina)
What makes up the ovulation cycle?
Luteal and follicular phase. luteal is the CL and when they’re receptive to breeding (cows)
How are sows synchronized in their estrus cycles?
They have lactational anestrus, so when the piglet is taken away the sow will begin to cycle again in order to have baths farrowing and weaning
How are sows synchronized in their estrus cycles?
They have lactational anestrus, so when the piglet is taken away the sow will begin to cycle again in order to have baths farrowing and weaning
Difference between mammal and avian ovulation?
The site of ovulation in mammals is known as the CL and produces progesterone, in chickens the site of ovulation is known as the POF (post ovulatory follicle) and doesn’t produce anything.
Where does fertilization occur in chickens?
The infundibulum
What are the four stomachs in a cow?
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
Where are the two membranes in an egg not connected?
The big end where there is a space that would move up the egg and dry out
What does the sigmoid flexure do?
It is the penile retractor muscle that straightens out the penis and causes an erection (boars and bulls)
Where are the testes located in a chicken?
On their back inside their body cavity
What does mono gastric mean?
One stomach, these animals are post gastric fermenters. It secretes HCL acid where true digestion takes place
What does ruminant mean?
Several stomachs, these animals are pre gastric fermenters and microbial digestion occurs
What purpose does bacteria serve in ruminants?
Animals who eat forage, high fibre diets, need these microbes in order to digest it. The enzymes required to breakdown the fibre aren’t naturally produced by the animal but are present in the bacteria
What are the four stomachs in a cow?
Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
What is chyme?
Fine, watery digesta
What is chyme?
Fine, watery digesta
Why does milk not go into a calf’s rumen?
It can cause digestive issues as there isn’t any bacteria present to aid in digestion.
What should be done when a cow is bloated?
- Exercise 2. Tubing 3. Adding a detergent/wetting agent 4. Trocar (put a hole into the cow to release the gas)
What is hardware disease?
When cattle eat nails or barbed wire, etc. The metal pieces can end up puncturing the diaphragm or heart. A magnet is used to collect the metal and is later removed during processing
What are VFAs?
Volatile fatty acids, products of fermentation
What type of digestive system do chickens have?
Not quite mono gastric but not ruminants, technically considered mono gastric
What is a crop?
It is part of the esophagus and is used for storage. Can be a way to check if a chicken is eating as you can palpate to feel if it has feed in it
What is myoglobin?
It is what makes the gizzard a dark red colour
What does the gizzard do?
It breaks up and essentially grinds the feed up. Grit can be added to poultry diets which is used by the gizzard to help grind down feed.
What is meckel’s diverticulum?
The small white line of tissue that differentiates between where the jejunum ends and the ileum begins
What affects digestibility?
Feed ingredients, diet formulation, feed preparation (pelleting and extrusion), animal factors and feeding level
What are NSPs?
Non-starch polysaccharides
Do animals that eat a lot have a higher or lower digestibility?
They have a lower digestibility as there is less time for nutrient extraction
What is Ad Libitum?
A free amount of consumption, animal eating all it wants
What is pre-mix?
It is added into feed and has vitamins and minerals. Provided in small amounts and is usually present in a carrier such as a finely ground wheat
What macro minerals make up 3/4 of an animals mineral requirement?
Ca and P
What are water soluble vitamins?
B and C
What are fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E and K
What is the importance of Vitamin B?
It is essential in metabolism, acts as an enzyme or coenzyme
What is the difference between feed and feedstuff?
Feed is the complete diet, what is actually given to the animal, whereas feedstuff is one component or ingredient mixed with other feedstuff to become part of the diet
What are the three main types of feed?
Mash, pellets and crumble
What is silage?
It is a high moisture forage, chopped up and the quality depends on the plants used to make it. If not treated properly it will spoil.
Examples of types of forage
Hay, alfalfa, silage, etc
How do you manage microbes and prevent pathogens?
Feed, seed and weed. Feed- yeast products that promote good gut health
Seed- introducing good bacteria, like lactobacillus, which produce a lactic acid that lowers pH and makes it more difficult for harmful pathogens to become established.
What is glycogen?
Animal starch that is stored primarily in the liver
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore must come from external sources
What are the two amino acids you need to know?
Lysine (Lys-K) and Methionine (Met-M)
What are synthetic amino acids and what are the benefits of using them?
Synthetic amino acids are not provided by a natural source, ie. genetically modified bacteria. Commercially available used to supplement diets. These allow us to add a little of the amino acid without overfeeding other nutrients form things like adding more bone meal, etc.
What is LCF
Least cost formulation
What 5 commodities follow supply management in Canada?
Milk, table eggs, hatching eggs, chicken meat, and turkeys
What are 3 major agricultural commodities that are not supply managed?
Beef, pork and lamb
The FCR of broilers in the US is less than 1.8 due to the use of hormone implants.
False
Selection for growth in turkeys has not caused all carcass components to grow at the same proportion.
True
Broiler breeders cannot mate naturally so artificial insemination is used commercially.
False
Modern turkeys cannot mate naturally so they must be artificially inseminated.
True
The world population is predicted to double by 2050.
False
Globally we use more crops for fuel and feed rather than food.
False
The U of A poultry processing plant stuns birds prior to killing them using an electric current.
True
One beer has more than 5 times the amount of estrogen found in beef.
True
Feed conversion rate is the same as feed efficiency rate.
False
An anthropocentric view of the world promotes animal rights.
False
The four main categories of animal welfare issues are: feed restriction, confinement housing, painful procedures and conditions, and transportation.
False
Codes of practice are a way the government imposes animal care standards on the livestock industry.
False
The three pillars of sustainability are: social, economic and environmental.
True
The U of A dairy centre houses heifer calves in a tie stall system.
False
What is the hormone which predominated the luteal phase of a cow’s estrous cycle?
Progesterone
What is the steroid hormone which predominates the follicular phase of a pig’s estrous cycle?
Estrogen
What is the protein hormone produced by the neurohypophysis to help with lactation?
Oxytocin
What is the hormone that can be injected into cows to help synchronize the estrous cycle by breaking down the CL?
Prostaglandin F2 Alpha
What is the protein produced by the hypothalamus during the estrus period that results in an increased ovarian steroid production?
GnPH
List the vertebrae in the order they appear in a carcass.
Cervical, lumbar, sacral, caudal
List the shell gland, infundibulum, isthmus and magnum in the order they appear in an avian reproductive system.
Magnum, isthmus, infundibulum and shell gland
What is a Freemartin?
A heifer that was a twin to a bull (sterile)
What is a ridgling?
A male pig with testicles that have not descended
What is the stigma?
A non-vascularized region of the follicle where the follicle ruptures
What is NFE?
Nitrogen-free extract OR Net Feed Efficiency
What is the NFACC?
National farm animal care council. They are the agency in charge of producing Canadian Codes of Practice
What is the 4/3 quantitative feed restriction?
Feeding for four days and then not feeding for three days, usually used in broiler breeders to keep them small enough for reproduction
What is medullary bone?
Medullary bone is a special bone tissue forming on the endosteal surface of the medullary cavity in the bones of female birds prior to and during egg-laying to serve as a calcium reservoir for building the hard eggshell
What is “health”?
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
What is the disease triad?
Host, agent (pathogen), environment. Disease may occur when all elements intersect
What are some host defences?
Reproductive: pH level
Trachea/Bronchi: mucus, cough
Upper Respiratory Tract: trapping and removing particulates in mucus
Cornea: physical flushing
Mammary Gland: keratin plug, lysozyme, lactoferrin, flushing
Urinary Tract: unidirectional flushing
Skin: keratinized barrier, fatty acids (low pH)
Intestinal Tract: changing pH, bile acids, peristalsis, mucus
What are the four main principles of genetic improvement?
Traits will increase production, create more fertile animals, decrease illness/diseases, increase efficiency
What is genetic lag?
The gap between genetic potential at the top and bottom of the multiplication pyramid
What is the order of events in a mammalian immune response?
Immune surveillance, detection of threat, initiation of inflammation, innate immune mechanisms launched, stimulation of adaptive immune mechanisms, lymphocyte clonal expansion, adaptive immune mechanisms launched, immunologic memory
Warm temperature, drying and sunlight will kill pathogens?
True
This is a complete list of infectious agents: bacteria, viruses, fungi/yeast and prions.
False
What animal are hormones routinely used on in Canada?
Beef cattle for growth promotion and dairy cattle for reproductive management
What term is given to animals that live without having been given antibiotics?
RWA
What contributes to a food product being “value-added”?
A convenience food, fancy packaging, and pre-cooked or partially cooked
What is a castrated male sheep called?
Wether
What is a castrated male chicken called?
Capon
What is a castrated male cow called?
Steer
What is a castrated male horse called?
Gelding
ALES
Faculty of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate OR Alberta Turkey Producers
AI
Avian influenza OR Artificial insemination OR Artificial intelligence
BSE
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
BST
Bovine somatotropin
CL
Corpus Luteum
GnRH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
GHG
Greenhouse gases
ET
Embryo transfer
FADEN
Foreign Animal Disease Eradication Network
LYF
Large yellow follicle
ABP
Alberta Beef Producers
CFO
Confined feed operations
DRTC
Dairy Research and Technology Centre
DM
Dry Matter
ME m
Metabolizable energy ______
OFFSAP
On Farm Food Safety ______ Program
MCOOL
_____ Country of Origin Labeling
SM5
Supply Management- 5 Commodities
IP
Identity Preservation OR Intarperitoneal
ME m
Metabolizable energy for maintenance
IP
Identity Preservation OR Intraperitoneal
MCOOL
Mandatory Country of Origin Labeling
PF
Precision Feeding
PID
Premises Identification
GIT
Gastrointestinal tract
EE
Ether extract
NRC
National Research Council
Lys
Lysine
NFE
Nitrogen Free Extract
RFI
Residual Feed Intake
LDA
Left Displaced Abomasum
ADG
Average Daily Grain
TMR
Total Mixed Ratio
AAFC
Agriculture and Agri-food Canada
Where is the majority of albumen deposited?
The magnum
What causes an erection in a boar and bull?
Sigmoid flexure
What causes an erection in a stallion?
Blood engorgement
What is a cryptorchid?
A bull that has it’s testes up in it’s body cavity
What vertebrae has the greatest degree of fusion?
Sacral
What is the most cranial vertebrae?
Cervical
What is a pheromone?
A chemical messenger that elicits a response in a neighbouring animal
What are the three Rs?
Refinement, Reduction and Replacement
In Canada the CCAC are responsible for overseeing the use of animals in research, teaching, and testing.
True
What is an example of a research endpoint?
An animal completes a trial and is returned to its herd when done
What is an example of a welfare endpoint?
An animal develops respiratory problems and needs treatment with antimicrobials and anti-inflammatories
What is an anthroponotic disease outbreak?
An infectious disease outbreak caused by humans passing it to animals
What is a zoonotic disease outbreak?
An infectious disease outbreak caused by animals passing it to humans
At what decimal does permanent hearing damage occur?
85+
White and brown eggs are examples of what?
Phenotypes
What is complementarity?
Breeding two animals together with the goal of creating an intermediate of some trait between them in the offspring
Amino acids and glucose are examples of what?
Nutrients
What is Martin Zuidhof’s fvaourite ruminant?
Giraffe
What is the difference between a trait and a phenotype?
A trait is a characteristic of an animal, a trait is a measurement of that trait. Eg, chickens are egg layers, the eggs can be white or brown
Mathematically, what is the relationship between phenotype, genotype, and environment?
Phenotype= Genotype+Environement
Mathematically, what is the relationship between phenotype, genotype, and environment?
Phenotype= Genotype+Environment
Mathematically, what is the relationship between phenotype, genotype, and environment?
Phenotype = Genotype + Environment
What are the three most concerning diseases to think about when traveling internationally?
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Foot and Mouth Disease, and African Swine Fever Virus
The case study with the turkey workers developing diarrhea was a result of what?
Campylobacter
What should you always assume calves are shedding?
Cryptosporidium oocysts
The offspring of related parents is known as what?
An inbred
What is the primary goal of feeding animals?
Matching nutrient requirements of an animal with the proper nutrient supply
Pregnancy rates are an example of genotype by environment interaction.
False
How is ether extract made?
Solvents to find the fat content of a diet
ANF
Anti-nutritional factors (found in canola meal)
What is the efficiency equation?
Output / Input = miles/gallon
What is the feed efficiency equation?
Gain/Feed = g/g
What is the FCR equation?
Gain/Feed = kg/kg
What are some PIs?
Biological, production and economic enterprise vs chain level
What is the most important PI?
Net return on investment, it takes into account all costs and profits
What is IoT?
The Internet of Things, it is the interconnection via internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data
What are the three pillars of traceability?
Animal/product ID, Premises ID, Animal/product movement
What are the three pillars of supply management?
Pricing, product control and import control
What are the three pillars of sustainability?
People, planet and profit
