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AN SCI 101 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

List issues in the global market

A

Increasing population, decreasing arable land, crops for animals versus humans versus biofuels, efficiency of production (need to DOUBLE by 2050)

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2
Q

List issues with consumers

A

Uninformed, getting fatter, mass consumption, revolutions in industry (ie. KFC dividing chicken into several pieces), antibiotic argument, packaging

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3
Q

List issues with farmers

A

Reduced farm population, rural crimes, farms are getting larger and further apart, labour for farms is decreasing, huge markup from selling to grocery stores, helped through direct buying, American vs Canadian pricing, supply management and cap imports, urban farmers (backyard chickens)

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4
Q

List issues in production efficiency

A

Genetic engineering of animals, breeders look for genotype sustainability, artificial selection makes it so that turkeys can no longer breed naturally, genetic diversity is decreasing, technology advances, people want less genetically modified animals, animals grow bigger faster so they can go to market quicker

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5
Q

List issues in animal welfare

A

Stop using growth hormone (cows udders were getting so big they were stepping on it), implants of hormones into animals (in ears of cows), laying hens have nest boxes, roosts and other chickens now, not in larger rooms since chickens can be cannibalistic, piglet crushing is a danger so sows are kept barred

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6
Q

List issues in animal health

A

Biosecurity: protecting investments, politics of testing and telling, reportable diseases, TB, H1N1, mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), avian flu, porcine epidemic diarrhea, maintaining consumer confidence

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7
Q

List issues in marketing

A

SM5 (Dairy – Alberta Milk, Table Eggs – Egg Farmers of Alberta, Broiler Chickens – Alberta Chicken Producers, Broiler Hatching Eggs – Alberta Hatching Egg Producers, Turkeys – Alberta Turkey Producers), costs of quota, small unit production maximums, processor contracts, hog cycles, building a brand, supporting brand integrity

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8
Q

Production Management

A

Using a quota system, producers can ensure that a steady supply of quality products are available to meet consumer demand.

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9
Q

Predictable Imports

A

Canada’s federal government has committed to limit imports to ensure Canadian dairy and poultry market requirements are primarily met by Canadian production.

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10
Q

Pricing Mechanism

A

Poultry and Dairy producers receive prices that provide a reasonable return, which enable producers to cover production costs. Canadian producers do not rely on taxpayer subsidies.

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11
Q

List issues in economy of scale

A

Low price - high volume, high price - low volume, market sustainability, availability of processors, building relationships with customers, fixed costs of biosecurity of health, life style

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12
Q

Chicken Scientific Name

A

Gallus domesticus

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13
Q

Turkey Scientific Name

A

Melleagris gollopavo

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14
Q

Duck Scientific Name

A

Anas platyrhyncha

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15
Q

Horse Scientific Name

A

Equus caballus

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16
Q

European Cattle Scientific Name

A

Bos taurus

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17
Q

Tropical Cattle Scientific Name

A

Bos indicus

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18
Q

Sheep Scientific Name

A

Ovis aries

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19
Q

Goat Scientific Name

A

Capra hircus

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20
Q

Swine Scientific Name

A

Sus scrofa

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21
Q

Steer

A

Castrated male bovine

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22
Q

Calf

A

Baby bovine

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23
Q

Bull

A

Intact male bovine

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24
Q

Heifer

A

Pre pubescent female cow

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25
Q

Cow

A

Female bovine

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26
Q

Piglet

A

Baby pig

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27
Q

Barrow

A

Castrated male pig

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28
Q

Boar

A

Intact male pig

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29
Q

Gilt

A

Young female pig that has not given birth

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30
Q

Sow

A

Adult female pig

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31
Q

Lamb

A

Baby sheep

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32
Q

Wether

A

Castrated male sheep

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33
Q

Ram

A

Intact male sheep

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34
Q

Ewe Lamb

A

Unweaned female sheep

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35
Q

Ewe

A

Adult female sheep

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36
Q

Kid

A

Baby goat

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37
Q

Buck

A

Intact adult male goat

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38
Q

Doe

A

Adult female goat

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39
Q

Foal

A

Baby horse

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40
Q

Colt

A

Young male horse

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41
Q

Filly

A

Young female horse

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42
Q

Gelding

A

Castrated male horse

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43
Q

Stallion

A

Intact male horse

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44
Q

Mare

A

Adult female horse

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45
Q

Chick

A

Baby chicken

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46
Q

Capon

A

Castrated male chicken

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47
Q

Rooster

A

Intact male chicken

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48
Q

Pullet

A

Young hen

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49
Q

Hen

A

Adult female chicken

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50
Q

Poult

A

Baby turkey

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51
Q

Tom

A

Male turkey

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52
Q

Hen

A

Female turkey

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53
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of eggs from ovary (or ovaries)

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54
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Hormone secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates unless pregnancy has begun

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55
Q

Estrus

A

Period of sexual receptivity (heat)

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56
Q

Estrous

A

The reproductive cycles: includes estrus, ovulation, and changes in the uterine lining

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57
Q

Implantation

A

When the embryo attaches to the uterine wall

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58
Q

Standing Heat

A

Occurs in sows, when they are receptive to breeding and will stand still when pressure is placed on their backs

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59
Q

Parturition

A

Process of giving birth

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60
Q

Estrous Synchronization

A

Synchronizing the reproductive cycles of a group of animals

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61
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

Inseminating an animal using a variety of artificial methods

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62
Q

Oviposition

A

Laying eggs (poultry)

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63
Q

Onset of puberty for: a mare, cow, ewe, and sow respectively?

A

18 months, 4-24 months, 4-12 months (1st fall), and 3-7 months

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64
Q

Length of estrous cycle for: a mare, cow, ewe, and sow respectively?

A

21 days, 21 days, 16.5 days, and 21 days

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65
Q

Length of estrous cycle for: a mare, cow, ewe, and sow respectively?

A

21 days, 21 days, 16.5 days, and 21 days

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66
Q

Length of estrus for: a mare, cow, ewe, and sow respectively?

A

5 days, 18 hours, 24-28 hours, and 2 days

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67
Q

Gestation period for: a mare, cow, ewe, and sow respectively?

A

336 days, 282 days, 150 days, and 114 days

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68
Q

What does progesterone do (cow)?

A

Prepares a cow for pregnancy, tells the body to calm down and stop producing estrogen and inducing heat

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69
Q

What does the chalaza do?

A

Stabilizes the yolk and keeps it in the middle of the egg

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70
Q

How do chickens reproduce?

A

Cloacal kiss (semen runs down roosters cloaca into the hens cloaca and into the vagina)

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71
Q

What makes up the ovulation cycle?

A

Luteal and follicular phase. luteal is the CL and when they’re receptive to breeding (cows)

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72
Q

How are sows synchronized in their estrus cycles?

A

They have lactational anestrus, so when the piglet is taken away the sow will begin to cycle again in order to have baths farrowing and weaning

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73
Q

How are sows synchronized in their estrus cycles?

A

They have lactational anestrus, so when the piglet is taken away the sow will begin to cycle again in order to have baths farrowing and weaning

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74
Q

Difference between mammal and avian ovulation?

A

The site of ovulation in mammals is known as the CL and produces progesterone, in chickens the site of ovulation is known as the POF (post ovulatory follicle) and doesn’t produce anything.

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75
Q

Where does fertilization occur in chickens?

A

The infundibulum

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76
Q

What are the four stomachs in a cow?

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

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77
Q

Where are the two membranes in an egg not connected?

A

The big end where there is a space that would move up the egg and dry out

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78
Q

What does the sigmoid flexure do?

A

It is the penile retractor muscle that straightens out the penis and causes an erection (boars and bulls)

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79
Q

Where are the testes located in a chicken?

A

On their back inside their body cavity

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80
Q

What does mono gastric mean?

A

One stomach, these animals are post gastric fermenters. It secretes HCL acid where true digestion takes place

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81
Q

What does ruminant mean?

A

Several stomachs, these animals are pre gastric fermenters and microbial digestion occurs

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82
Q

What purpose does bacteria serve in ruminants?

A

Animals who eat forage, high fibre diets, need these microbes in order to digest it. The enzymes required to breakdown the fibre aren’t naturally produced by the animal but are present in the bacteria

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83
Q

What are the four stomachs in a cow?

A

Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

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84
Q

What is chyme?

A

Fine, watery digesta

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85
Q

What is chyme?

A

Fine, watery digesta

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86
Q

Why does milk not go into a calf’s rumen?

A

It can cause digestive issues as there isn’t any bacteria present to aid in digestion.

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87
Q

What should be done when a cow is bloated?

A
  1. Exercise 2. Tubing 3. Adding a detergent/wetting agent 4. Trocar (put a hole into the cow to release the gas)
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88
Q

What is hardware disease?

A

When cattle eat nails or barbed wire, etc. The metal pieces can end up puncturing the diaphragm or heart. A magnet is used to collect the metal and is later removed during processing

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89
Q

What are VFAs?

A

Volatile fatty acids, products of fermentation

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90
Q

What type of digestive system do chickens have?

A

Not quite mono gastric but not ruminants, technically considered mono gastric

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91
Q

What is a crop?

A

It is part of the esophagus and is used for storage. Can be a way to check if a chicken is eating as you can palpate to feel if it has feed in it

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92
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

It is what makes the gizzard a dark red colour

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93
Q

What does the gizzard do?

A

It breaks up and essentially grinds the feed up. Grit can be added to poultry diets which is used by the gizzard to help grind down feed.

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94
Q

What is meckel’s diverticulum?

A

The small white line of tissue that differentiates between where the jejunum ends and the ileum begins

95
Q

What affects digestibility?

A

Feed ingredients, diet formulation, feed preparation (pelleting and extrusion), animal factors and feeding level

96
Q

What are NSPs?

A

Non-starch polysaccharides

97
Q

Do animals that eat a lot have a higher or lower digestibility?

A

They have a lower digestibility as there is less time for nutrient extraction

98
Q

What is Ad Libitum?

A

A free amount of consumption, animal eating all it wants

99
Q

What is pre-mix?

A

It is added into feed and has vitamins and minerals. Provided in small amounts and is usually present in a carrier such as a finely ground wheat

100
Q

What macro minerals make up 3/4 of an animals mineral requirement?

A

Ca and P

101
Q

What are water soluble vitamins?

A

B and C

102
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

103
Q

What is the importance of Vitamin B?

A

It is essential in metabolism, acts as an enzyme or coenzyme

104
Q

What is the difference between feed and feedstuff?

A

Feed is the complete diet, what is actually given to the animal, whereas feedstuff is one component or ingredient mixed with other feedstuff to become part of the diet

105
Q

What are the three main types of feed?

A

Mash, pellets and crumble

106
Q

What is silage?

A

It is a high moisture forage, chopped up and the quality depends on the plants used to make it. If not treated properly it will spoil.

107
Q

Examples of types of forage

A

Hay, alfalfa, silage, etc

108
Q

How do you manage microbes and prevent pathogens?

A

Feed, seed and weed. Feed- yeast products that promote good gut health
Seed- introducing good bacteria, like lactobacillus, which produce a lactic acid that lowers pH and makes it more difficult for harmful pathogens to become established.

109
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Animal starch that is stored primarily in the liver

110
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore must come from external sources

111
Q

What are the two amino acids you need to know?

A

Lysine (Lys-K) and Methionine (Met-M)

112
Q

What are synthetic amino acids and what are the benefits of using them?

A

Synthetic amino acids are not provided by a natural source, ie. genetically modified bacteria. Commercially available used to supplement diets. These allow us to add a little of the amino acid without overfeeding other nutrients form things like adding more bone meal, etc.

113
Q

What is LCF

A

Least cost formulation

114
Q

What 5 commodities follow supply management in Canada?

A

Milk, table eggs, hatching eggs, chicken meat, and turkeys

115
Q

What are 3 major agricultural commodities that are not supply managed?

A

Beef, pork and lamb

116
Q

The FCR of broilers in the US is less than 1.8 due to the use of hormone implants.

A

False

117
Q

Selection for growth in turkeys has not caused all carcass components to grow at the same proportion.

A

True

118
Q

Broiler breeders cannot mate naturally so artificial insemination is used commercially.

A

False

119
Q

Modern turkeys cannot mate naturally so they must be artificially inseminated.

A

True

120
Q

The world population is predicted to double by 2050.

A

False

121
Q

Globally we use more crops for fuel and feed rather than food.

A

False

122
Q

The U of A poultry processing plant stuns birds prior to killing them using an electric current.

A

True

123
Q

One beer has more than 5 times the amount of estrogen found in beef.

A

True

124
Q

Feed conversion rate is the same as feed efficiency rate.

A

False

125
Q

An anthropocentric view of the world promotes animal rights.

A

False

126
Q

The four main categories of animal welfare issues are: feed restriction, confinement housing, painful procedures and conditions, and transportation.

A

False

127
Q

Codes of practice are a way the government imposes animal care standards on the livestock industry.

A

False

128
Q

The three pillars of sustainability are: social, economic and environmental.

A

True

129
Q

The U of A dairy centre houses heifer calves in a tie stall system.

A

False

130
Q

What is the hormone which predominated the luteal phase of a cow’s estrous cycle?

A

Progesterone

131
Q

What is the steroid hormone which predominates the follicular phase of a pig’s estrous cycle?

A

Estrogen

132
Q

What is the protein hormone produced by the neurohypophysis to help with lactation?

A

Oxytocin

133
Q

What is the hormone that can be injected into cows to help synchronize the estrous cycle by breaking down the CL?

A

Prostaglandin F2 Alpha

134
Q

What is the protein produced by the hypothalamus during the estrus period that results in an increased ovarian steroid production?

A

GnPH

135
Q

List the vertebrae in the order they appear in a carcass.

A

Cervical, lumbar, sacral, caudal

136
Q

List the shell gland, infundibulum, isthmus and magnum in the order they appear in an avian reproductive system.

A

Magnum, isthmus, infundibulum and shell gland

137
Q

What is a Freemartin?

A

A heifer that was a twin to a bull (sterile)

138
Q

What is a ridgling?

A

A male pig with testicles that have not descended

139
Q

What is the stigma?

A

A non-vascularized region of the follicle where the follicle ruptures

140
Q

What is NFE?

A

Nitrogen-free extract OR Net Feed Efficiency

141
Q

What is the NFACC?

A

National farm animal care council. They are the agency in charge of producing Canadian Codes of Practice

142
Q

What is the 4/3 quantitative feed restriction?

A

Feeding for four days and then not feeding for three days, usually used in broiler breeders to keep them small enough for reproduction

143
Q

What is medullary bone?

A

Medullary bone is a special bone tissue forming on the endosteal surface of the medullary cavity in the bones of female birds prior to and during egg-laying to serve as a calcium reservoir for building the hard eggshell

144
Q

What is “health”?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

145
Q

What is the disease triad?

A

Host, agent (pathogen), environment. Disease may occur when all elements intersect

146
Q

What are some host defences?

A

Reproductive: pH level
Trachea/Bronchi: mucus, cough
Upper Respiratory Tract: trapping and removing particulates in mucus
Cornea: physical flushing
Mammary Gland: keratin plug, lysozyme, lactoferrin, flushing
Urinary Tract: unidirectional flushing
Skin: keratinized barrier, fatty acids (low pH)
Intestinal Tract: changing pH, bile acids, peristalsis, mucus

147
Q

What are the four main principles of genetic improvement?

A

Traits will increase production, create more fertile animals, decrease illness/diseases, increase efficiency

148
Q

What is genetic lag?

A

The gap between genetic potential at the top and bottom of the multiplication pyramid

149
Q

What is the order of events in a mammalian immune response?

A

Immune surveillance, detection of threat, initiation of inflammation, innate immune mechanisms launched, stimulation of adaptive immune mechanisms, lymphocyte clonal expansion, adaptive immune mechanisms launched, immunologic memory

150
Q

Warm temperature, drying and sunlight will kill pathogens?

A

True

151
Q

This is a complete list of infectious agents: bacteria, viruses, fungi/yeast and prions.

A

False

152
Q

What animal are hormones routinely used on in Canada?

A

Beef cattle for growth promotion and dairy cattle for reproductive management

153
Q

What term is given to animals that live without having been given antibiotics?

A

RWA

154
Q

What contributes to a food product being “value-added”?

A

A convenience food, fancy packaging, and pre-cooked or partially cooked

155
Q

What is a castrated male sheep called?

A

Wether

156
Q

What is a castrated male chicken called?

A

Capon

157
Q

What is a castrated male cow called?

A

Steer

158
Q

What is a castrated male horse called?

A

Gelding

159
Q

ALES

A

Faculty of Agriculture Life and Environmental Sciences

160
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate OR Alberta Turkey Producers

161
Q

AI

A

Avian influenza OR Artificial insemination OR Artificial intelligence

162
Q

BSE

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

163
Q

BST

A

Bovine somatotropin

164
Q

CL

A

Corpus Luteum

165
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

166
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

167
Q

GHG

A

Greenhouse gases

168
Q

ET

A

Embryo transfer

169
Q

FADEN

A

Foreign Animal Disease Eradication Network

170
Q

LYF

A

Large yellow follicle

171
Q

ABP

A

Alberta Beef Producers

172
Q

CFO

A

Confined feed operations

173
Q

DRTC

A

Dairy Research and Technology Centre

174
Q

DM

A

Dry Matter

175
Q

ME m

A

Metabolizable energy ______

176
Q

OFFSAP

A

On Farm Food Safety ______ Program

177
Q

MCOOL

A

_____ Country of Origin Labeling

178
Q

SM5

A

Supply Management- 5 Commodities

179
Q

IP

A

Identity Preservation OR Intarperitoneal

180
Q

ME m

A

Metabolizable energy for maintenance

181
Q

IP

A

Identity Preservation OR Intraperitoneal

182
Q

MCOOL

A

Mandatory Country of Origin Labeling

183
Q

PF

A

Precision Feeding

184
Q

PID

A

Premises Identification

185
Q

GIT

A

Gastrointestinal tract

186
Q

EE

A

Ether extract

187
Q

NRC

A

National Research Council

188
Q

Lys

A

Lysine

189
Q

NFE

A

Nitrogen Free Extract

190
Q

RFI

A

Residual Feed Intake

191
Q

LDA

A

Left Displaced Abomasum

192
Q

ADG

A

Average Daily Grain

193
Q

TMR

A

Total Mixed Ratio

194
Q

AAFC

A

Agriculture and Agri-food Canada

195
Q

Where is the majority of albumen deposited?

A

The magnum

196
Q

What causes an erection in a boar and bull?

A

Sigmoid flexure

197
Q

What causes an erection in a stallion?

A

Blood engorgement

198
Q

What is a cryptorchid?

A

A bull that has it’s testes up in it’s body cavity

199
Q

What vertebrae has the greatest degree of fusion?

A

Sacral

200
Q

What is the most cranial vertebrae?

A

Cervical

201
Q

What is a pheromone?

A

A chemical messenger that elicits a response in a neighbouring animal

202
Q

What are the three Rs?

A

Refinement, Reduction and Replacement

203
Q

In Canada the CCAC are responsible for overseeing the use of animals in research, teaching, and testing.

A

True

204
Q

What is an example of a research endpoint?

A

An animal completes a trial and is returned to its herd when done

205
Q

What is an example of a welfare endpoint?

A

An animal develops respiratory problems and needs treatment with antimicrobials and anti-inflammatories

206
Q

What is an anthroponotic disease outbreak?

A

An infectious disease outbreak caused by humans passing it to animals

207
Q

What is a zoonotic disease outbreak?

A

An infectious disease outbreak caused by animals passing it to humans

208
Q

At what decimal does permanent hearing damage occur?

A

85+

209
Q

White and brown eggs are examples of what?

A

Phenotypes

210
Q

What is complementarity?

A

Breeding two animals together with the goal of creating an intermediate of some trait between them in the offspring

211
Q

Amino acids and glucose are examples of what?

A

Nutrients

212
Q

What is Martin Zuidhof’s fvaourite ruminant?

A

Giraffe

213
Q

What is the difference between a trait and a phenotype?

A

A trait is a characteristic of an animal, a trait is a measurement of that trait. Eg, chickens are egg layers, the eggs can be white or brown

214
Q

Mathematically, what is the relationship between phenotype, genotype, and environment?

A

Phenotype= Genotype+Environement

215
Q

Mathematically, what is the relationship between phenotype, genotype, and environment?

A

Phenotype= Genotype+Environment

216
Q

Mathematically, what is the relationship between phenotype, genotype, and environment?

A

Phenotype = Genotype + Environment

217
Q

What are the three most concerning diseases to think about when traveling internationally?

A

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Foot and Mouth Disease, and African Swine Fever Virus

218
Q

The case study with the turkey workers developing diarrhea was a result of what?

A

Campylobacter

219
Q

What should you always assume calves are shedding?

A

Cryptosporidium oocysts

220
Q

The offspring of related parents is known as what?

A

An inbred

221
Q

What is the primary goal of feeding animals?

A

Matching nutrient requirements of an animal with the proper nutrient supply

222
Q

Pregnancy rates are an example of genotype by environment interaction.

A

False

223
Q

How is ether extract made?

A

Solvents to find the fat content of a diet

224
Q

ANF

A

Anti-nutritional factors (found in canola meal)

225
Q

What is the efficiency equation?

A

Output / Input = miles/gallon

226
Q

What is the feed efficiency equation?

A

Gain/Feed = g/g

227
Q

What is the FCR equation?

A

Gain/Feed = kg/kg

228
Q

What are some PIs?

A

Biological, production and economic enterprise vs chain level

229
Q

What is the most important PI?

A

Net return on investment, it takes into account all costs and profits

230
Q

What is IoT?

A

The Internet of Things, it is the interconnection via internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data

231
Q

What are the three pillars of traceability?

A

Animal/product ID, Premises ID, Animal/product movement

232
Q

What are the three pillars of supply management?

A

Pricing, product control and import control

233
Q

What are the three pillars of sustainability?

A

People, planet and profit

AN SCI 101 (5 decks)

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