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Advanced GIS > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Cloud Computing

A

Data and software that in the past
has been stored on desktop computers
is now stored “in the cloud” thanks to wireless networking/higher speeds

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2
Q

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

A 
Service providers (server) and
service consumers (clients) that
communicate with each other
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3
Q

Geographic Approach

A

Step 1: Ask–“framing the question from a location-based
perspective”
– Step 2: Acquire–determine what data are needed
– Step 3: Examine—examine and evaluate the data
– Step 4: Analyze—process and analyze the data
– Step 5: Act—present the results

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4
Q

Georeferenced or registered layers

A

layers are all in the same
map projection, datum, and
coordinate-system

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5
Q

3 families of projections

A

1) Cylindrical
2) Conic
3) Planar/Azimuthal

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6
Q

Distortion ___ as the size of the geographic area that you

are working with _____.

A

increases, increases

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7
Q

Albers equal area/conical

A

equal area; conformal along standard parallels

uses: small regional and national maps

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8
Q

Azimuth equidistant/planar

A

equidistant: true directions from map center
uses: air and sea navigation charts; equatorial and polar area large-scale maps

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9
Q

Equidistant conic/conical

A

equidistant along standard parallel and central meridian

uses: region mapping of midlatitude areas with east-west extent; atlas maps for small countries

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10
Q

Lambert conformal conic/conical

A

conformal; true local directions

uses: navigation charts, U.S. State Plan Coordinate System for all east-west State Plane Zones; continental U.S. maps; Canadian maps

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11
Q

Mercator/cylindrical

A

conformal; true direction

uses: navigation charts, conformal world maps

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12
Q

polyconic/conical

A

equidistant along each standard parallel and central meridian

uses: topo maps; USGS 7.5 and 15 min quadrangles

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13
Q

4 Commonly Used Map Projections in GIS

A

Geographic or Plate Carree Projection
-Common native projection for exchanging data
– Albers Equal-Area Projection
-No area distortion, good for the United States
– Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
-No shape distortion, good for the United States. Used by some
states for SPCS
– Transverse Mercator
-Used for UTM coordinate system. Used by some states for SPCS

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14
Q

Projected coordinates are

A

simple x,y coordinates based

on some linear unit (e.g., meters)

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15
Q

Important Coordinate Systems for GIS:

A 
Geographic Coordinate System
• Latitude/Longitude
– Cartesian Coordinate Systems
• Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
• State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS)
• Other Projected Coordinates
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16
Q

Topology can be different for ___ feature classes in the ___ feature dataset.

A

different, same

17
Q

Rule about feature classes in feature dataset

A

All features contained in must be in same projection and

coordinate system

18
Q

5 Components to GIS data quality

A

Positional accuracy
– What is the position (X, Y) accuracy of features?
• Attribute accuracy
– Are the attribute values correct for features?
• Completeness
– Is the dataset complete? Does it cover the entire geographic
area of interest?
• Lineage = documentation about how a dataset was
derived, what steps were performed on the data
• Logical consistency = consistency of the data to other
datasets and the “real world”

19
Q

Mean Center

A

Calculates the mean or average x and y coordinates (centroid)
for a set of features (points, lines, or polygons)

20
Q

Weighted Mean Center

A

Features with higher attribute values will have a greater weight in the output weighted mean center

21
Q

Central Feature

A

Identifies the most central feature from a set of points, lines, or
polygons
– Unlike the Mean Center, the Central Feature is at the coordinate
location for a feature that already exists

22
Q

How is the standard distance calculated?

A

Steps: 1) Mean center is calculated first; 2) the average distance from the mean center is calculated for all points (standard distance/deviation); 3) Circle is drawn centered on the mean center using the standard distance/deviation as the radius

-more clustered = smaller circle and vice versa

23
Q

Standard Deviation Ellipse

A

Like standard distance, measures concentration of features but also the directional trend

  • standard deviation is calculated for the x and y coordinates separately, creating long and short axes (x standard distance and y standard distance)
24
Q

If the null hypothesis is rejected, what happens?

A

There ARE statistically significant patterns.

25
Q

Average Nearest Neighbor Analysis

A

-Use for points, does not consider attribute values
-calculated by determining if the point locations are closer
together than what we would expect for a random distribution
-gives a z-score statistic
-reject null if z is less than -1.96 OR more than +1.96

26
Q

Average Nearest Neighbor Z statistic interpretation

A

less than -1.96 indicates clustering whereas more than 1.96 indicates dispersion in the dataset

27
Q

Global Moran’s I for Spatial Autocorrelation

A
  • Use for polygons, DOES consider attribute values.
  • Measures spatial autocorrelation
  • one Z-Score value calculated for distribution
28
Q

Moran’s I interpretation

A
  • the null hypothesis is rejected if lower than -1.96 OR higher than +1.96
  • Z-score less than -1.96 indicates dispersion, while a Z-score greater than +1.96 indicates clustering in the dataset
29
Q

Hot Spot Analysis

A

-Use for polygons, does consider attribute values
To be a statistically significant high hot spot, a feature has to be
surrounded by other features with high values. Vice versa for low
hot spots.

30
Q

To be a statistically significant high hot spot, a feature has to be ______ by other features with ___ values. Vice versa for low
hot spots.

A

surrounded, high

31
Q

What is the output of hot spot analysis?

A

new feature class layer, each feature in the layer has a
Z-Score value.
– a Z-Score value of greater than +1.96
(high clusters, red by default) or less than -1.96 (low clusters, blue by default)

32
Q

9 Types of NLC

A 
-  Water
– Developed
– Barren
– Forested Upland
– Shrubland
– Non-Natural Woody
– Herbaceous Upland Natural/Semi-Natural Vegetation
– Herbaceous Planted/Cultivated
– Wetlands
33
Q

What is a datum?

A

A mathematical model of the Earth, which serves as the base for calculating the geographical coordinates in the case of a horizontal datum and for calculating elevations in the case of a vertical datum.

34
Q

What is a horizontal datum?

A

Lat/long of an initial point (origin), an ellipsoid, and the separation of the ellipsoid and the Earth at the origin.

35
Q

Will digital data layers based on the same projection but different datums register correctly?

A

Nope

36
Q

What is a projected coordinate system?

A

It is built on a map projection. It is often divided into different zones to maintain the accuracy of measurements
ex: UTM, SPCS, UPS

Advanced GIS (2 decks)

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