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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Victory that provided control of the empire for Constantine

A

Milvian Bridge on the Tiber River

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2
Q

Prior to taking on a Christian symbol, by what battle symbol was Constantine known?

A

Unconquered Sun

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3
Q

Symbol that Constantine placed upon his shield after conversion

A

Chi-Rho

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4
Q

Law that legalized Christianity

A

Edict of Milan

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5
Q

Which emperor forbade pagan worship, giving rise to Christianity as the state religion

A

Theodosius

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6
Q

Changes in the Church as a result of Constantine

A
  • Taxes for churches and Clergy
  • First day of the Week devoted to Worship
  • Incense
  • Priests and Priestly robes
  • Communion Table to Altar
  • Kneel for prayer
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7
Q

Changes in Architecture as a result of Constantine

A
  • Altar at the center, with polygon or round floor
  • Rectangular Basilica
  • Dicided into atrium, nave, and sanctuary
  • Fountain for renewal of baptism
  • Emergence of icons
  • Baptistery
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8
Q

A schism developed within the church who succumbed to persecution and later desired to return to the church

A

Donatism

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9
Q

Handed over scriptures to authorities; betraying Christian’s or Christianity during times of persecution

A

Traditor

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10
Q

Theologian contended that the corruption of humanity is the result of sin required a recreation of humanity?

A

Athanasius

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11
Q

Who said, “God became human so that humanity might become god”?

A

Athanasius of Alexandria

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12
Q

What did Athanasius see as a threat to the heart of Christianity?

A

Arianism

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13
Q

What was the council called by Constantine to address the controversy over the nature of Jesus called?

A

Council of Nicea

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14
Q

Who are the major contributors to the Nicean interpretation of the relationship of the Father and the Son?

A

The Great Cappadocians

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15
Q

Which theologian from Cappadocia was knows as the Teacher?

A

Macrina the Teacher

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16
Q

Who was known for writings on the Trinity challenges to Arianism and advocated for the poor?

A

St. Basil the Great

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17
Q

Who stated, “God has made humanity, so humanity is perfected as God, and that is my glory.”?

A

St Gregory of Nyssa

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18
Q

Who took a leading role against Arianism; was attacked by Arian priests for his advocacy of what would become orthodox teachings on the nature of the Son?

A

St Gregory Nazianzen

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19
Q

Who reaffirmed Nicea regarding the divinity of the Son but also confirmed the Holy Spirit with the Son and Father as one substance?

A

Constantinople

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20
Q

“True strength consists in supporting the weak against the strong, and that they should invite to their feasts not the rich who could reward them but rather the poor who could not.” Who said this?

A

Ambrose of Milan

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21
Q

Who interpreted scripture allegorically and advocated for the poor?

A

Ambrose of Milan

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22
Q

Which reformer during the 4th-5th Centuries addressed celibate priests living with “spiritual sisters,” clergy living in luxury at the expense of the church whose finances were in shambles? “Golden-mouth preacher”

A

St John Chrysostom

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23
Q

Provided Christianity with a foothold around the Roman Empire

A

Jewish Diaspora

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24
Q

Political action that contributed to the advancement of early Christianity

A

Transportation Systems

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25
Q

Jewish theologian and philosopher who contended that Judaism and Hellenism hold common theological precepts

A

Philo of Alexandria

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26
Q

Who uses the expressions “Logos, the perfect, unchanging, impassive, transcendent, Omniscient, Omnipotent, Omnipresent.”?

A

Hellenists

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27
Q

What community practices a variation of Gnosticism and contended that Jesus appeared as human but did not take on human flesh (he was divine)?

A

Docetists

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28
Q

“Matter is evil: Spirit is good”

A

Gnostic Dualism

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29
Q

Who said, “If the world is evil, the creator must be evil or ignorant”?

A

Marcion

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30
Q

Theologian from West Africa who contends that there is one truth, whether from Plato or Jesus

A

Clement of Alexandria

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31
Q

What did Marcion Contend about God?

A

God of the Old Testament was different from and inferior to the God of the New Testament

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32
Q

What did Tertullian believe about Jesus?

A

Jesus was Human and Divine. One person and two natures of Jesus.

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33
Q

Irenaeus believed that “Christ has become the new _________, replacing Adam”

A

Head of Humanity

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34
Q

Irenaeus believed that “In Christ,

________________”

A

Humanity is united with divinity

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35
Q

When was the Council of Nicea held?

A

325

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36
Q

When was the First Council of Constantinople held?

A

381

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37
Q

Who summoned the Council of Constantinople?

A

Theodosius

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38
Q

What word was incorporated into a creed to signify the absolute equality of the Son and the Father? (Of the SAME Substance)

A

homoousios

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39
Q

What does “homoiousios” mean?

A

Of Similar Substance

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40
Q

What did homoousios signify about the Son and the Father?

A

Their equality

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41
Q

Exchanged letters coming to conclusion that Christian’s should not be persecuted; only if they commit a crime.

A

Pliny and Trajan

42
Q

What school of thought will emphasize the humanity of Jesus?

A

Antioch

43
Q

Theologian from Western Africa who contended that truth can be found in Christ alone and a search for philosophy is not valuable

A

Tertullian

44
Q

“What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem?”

A

Tertullian

45
Q

Person who advocated for recapitulation

A

Irenaeus

46
Q

Contended with platonist tradition and that human souls are pure spirits prior to birth. Influenced by Hellenism and rejected the inferiority of creation, believing that the physical world is the result of sin

A

Origen

47
Q

Solitary monk in the desert

A

Anchorite

48
Q

Monk who lived outside of Alexandria and was a model for the solitary life

A

Anthony

49
Q

Monk who established an order for daily life that emphasized hierarchical order within the community, devotional life, and moderate poverty. (Communal Monasticism)

A

Pachomius

50
Q

Those who weakened during persecution, recanted their faith, sacrificed to gods, etc.

A

Lapsed

51
Q

Theologian from Alexandria who argued that Logos was not coeternal with the Father; the Logos was not God, but the first of all creatures

A

Arius

52
Q

What word means “of similar but not same substance”?

A

Homoiousios

53
Q

Who were the Cappadocians?

A

Basil of Caesarea, Macrina, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory

54
Q

Martyred during persecution of Septimius Severus (“If I live, i will defeat you. If I am killed, I will defeat you all the more”)

A

Perpetua

55
Q

Believed that Christian and Hellenism philosophies were complementary

A

Justin the Martyr

56
Q

References episcopal collegiality among all churches, identifying the church as universal and WHOLE

A

Catholic

57
Q

What was the purpose of the Crusades?

A

To take back the holy land

58
Q

Transubstantiation

A

In the Sacrament of the Eucharist, this is the name given to the action of changing the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ.

59
Q

Filioque

A
  • “and from the Son” (Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and Son)
  • Accepted in the West and rejected in the East
60
Q

Iconoclast

A

One who opposes established beliefs, customs, and institutions

61
Q

Simony

A

The buying and selling of church offices

62
Q

Immaculate Conception of Mary

A
  • Accepted in the West and rejected in the East

- Mary was rescued from Original Sin

63
Q

Role and nature of icons

A
  • Emphasized the saving work of the divine in the temporal world
  • Served as windows into the heavenlies
64
Q

What is the emphasis of Jesuits?

A

Social Justice and Education

65
Q

Founder of the Jesuits

A

Ignatius of Loyola

66
Q

Bartolome de Las Casas

A

Jesuit explorer and reformer in the Americas who defended Native Americans. Priest of the Indians.

67
Q

Occma’s Razor

A

One should proceed to simpler theories until simplicity can be traded for greater explanatory power.

68
Q

What did Wycliffe and Huss advocate for?

A

Priority of Scripture to interpret the church

69
Q

The Papacy was in which 2 cities?

A

Avignon and Rome

70
Q

Arius/Arianism

A

son created by the father ; below the father (nature of God)
Allegorical interpretation of Scripture; doctrine of the logos (Jesus lesser power than God)
Word not coeternal with the father

71
Q

Peter Abelard

A
  • Author of Yes and No
  • Provided argument for reconciliation based on God’s love of humanity
  • Got in trouble for having an affair with a student
72
Q

Theotokos

A

“God bearer”; Mother of God

73
Q

Translators of Scripture from Hebrew/Greek to Latin

A

Jerome and Paula

74
Q

Augustine’s Just war theory

A

A war may be just but it must fulfill certain criteria

Purpose must be just; must be waged by properly instituted authority; motive of love must be central

75
Q

Benedictine rule and canon

A

According to Canon Law, a Benedictine Abbey is a religious institute and its members are members of the consecrated life

76
Q

Augustine’s basic critique of pelagius

A

free in christ to choose sin or not to sin

77
Q

Benedict and contribution to the church

A

The Rule

78
Q

Christokos

A

“Christ-bearer,” Mother of the human Jesus

79
Q

Ekklesia

A

gathering of the church (community)

80
Q

Who wrote Summa Theologica?

A

Thomas Aquinas

81
Q

4 groups that contributed to Judaism:

A
  • Sadducees
  • Pharisees
  • Zealots
  • 1Essenes
82
Q

Humanity vs. Divinity

A
  • Anyone from Alexandria typically emphasizes the divinity of Jesus
  • Anyone from Antioch typically emphasizes the humanity of Jesus
83
Q

Irenaeus: recapitulation theory

A

1st Adam (humanity + sin) and Jesus as the 2nd Adam without sin - redeeming life; *1st Eve (Eve) and 2nd Eve (Mary)

84
Q

Greatest persecution under…

A

Nero, Diocletian, and Domitian

85
Q

“I’m God’s wheat, ground by teeth of the beast.”

A

Ignatius of Loyola

86
Q

“Eighty and six years have I served Christ, nor has He ever done me any harm.”

A

Polycarp

87
Q

Two types of monks

A

Communal (Cenobitic) and Solitary (Anchorite)

88
Q

What did Augustine study before his conversion?

A

Rhetoric

89
Q

What are the basic geographic areas of Arab conquest and when did they occur?

A

North Africa
Iberian Peninsula
Eastern Europe
600s

90
Q

What does it mean to be a mendicant?

A

a beggar, committed to poverty

91
Q

What are the two main mendicant orders?

A

Franciscans and Dominicans

92
Q

What major points were covered in the 4th Lateran Council?

A

Heresy and Transubstantiation

93
Q

Who wrote Proslogion and “Why did God become human?”

A

Anselm

94
Q

Most cruel persecution the ancient church endured (4th century emperor)

A

Diocletian

95
Q

A sect of jews that highly emphasized being faithful to the law, so they studied and debated how the law was to be applied in every situation

A

Pharisees

96
Q

A more conservative sect of jews that rejected many of the doctrines of the pharisees because they were unwarranted innovations

A

Sadducees

97
Q

A more aggressive sect of jews noted for their uncompromising position against Pagan Rome and polytheism

A

Zealots

98
Q

An ascetic sect of jews that sought to obey the law by withdrawing from the rest of society

A

Essenes

99
Q

“Alexamenos worships his God”

A

Roman Graffiti

100
Q

“Nothing which is at variance with the tradition of the apostles and of the Church can be accepted as true.”

A

Origen

Church History (1 decks)

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