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ANTH 111 > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

not the science of culture, but the social science that studied dominated coloured people and their ancestors living outside the boundaries of modern white societies

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2
Q

Unilineal evolutionism

A

Savagery - Barbarism - Civilization

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3
Q

Cultural relativism

A

scientific anti-racism (We are all humans, share same DNA) - All men are created equal

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4
Q

Who was responsible for the decolonization of anthropology?

A

William S Willis Jr

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5
Q

What is anthropology?

A

The study of humanity, including its prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity

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6
Q

What are the four fields of anthropology?

A
  • Biological or physical anthropology
  • Archaeology or prehistory
  • Linguistic anthropology
  • Cultural anthropology
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7
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

Study of the life ways of the world’s living people, for example:

  • Making a living
  • Health
  • Life Cycle
  • Marriage and family
  • Social groups, politics
  • Language
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8
Q

Who is Franz Boas?

A

Cultural relativism

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9
Q

Who is Margaret mead?

A

Public anthropology

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10
Q

Who is Cluade Levi-Strauss

A

French structuralism

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11
Q

Who is Karl Marx?

A

Marxism and cultural materialism - industrialism

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12
Q

Three Debates in Cultural Anthropology

A
  • Biological determinism vs Cultural Constructionism (Nature vs Nurture)
  • Interpretive Anthropology vs Cultural Materialism (What people believe, their ideas)
  • Individual Agency vs Structuralism
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13
Q

Agency

A

Free will vs institutional barriers

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14
Q

Cultural materialism

A

Behaviour

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15
Q

Cultural Interpretivism

A

Belief/thought

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16
Q

Four Models of Cultural Interaction (Figure 1.3)

A
  • Clash of civilizations, a conflict model
  • Westernization (less powerful forced into the more powerful culture)
  • Hybridization (a blending model)
  • Localization ( a model in which a local culture remakes and transforms global culture)
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17
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture rather that by the standards of that particular culture - CONTEXT

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18
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standards of another culture

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19
Q

Absolute Cultural Relativism

A

whatever goes on within a particular culture cannot be questioned or changed by outsiders, as that would be ethnocentric

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20
Q

Critical Cultural Relativism

A

anyone can pose questions about what goes on in various cultures, including their own culture, in terms of how particular practices or beliefs Amy harm certain members

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21
Q

What is an Economic System?

A
  • Livelihood
  • Consumption
  • Exchange
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22
Q

What is a Mode of Livelihood?

A

A mode of livelihood is the dominant way of making a living in a culture
Modes often overlap or are mixed

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23
Q

The Five Modes of Livelihood

A
  • Foraging
  • Horticulture
  • Pastoralism
  • Agriculture
  • Industrialism and Information Age
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24
Q

Foraging

A
  • Based on using food available in nature
  • gathering, fishing, hunting
  • Sustainable if undisturbed by outside forces
  • Today only 250,000 people support themselves using foraging primarily
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25
Q

Pastoralism

A
  • Reliance on products of domesticated animal herds
  • Animals and their products provide over held of the group’s diet
  • Trade with other groups for other food and goods
  • Requires movement of animals to fresh pastureland for sustainability
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26
Q

Key Elements of Pastoralism

A
  • Spatial mobility
  • Group autonomy
  • Animals s private property
  • Use right regulate pastureland and migratory routs
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27
Q

Horticulture

A
  • Growing crops in gardens using hand tools
  • Variety of foods grown: yams, bananas, manioc
  • Crop fields support denser populations than foraging and allow for permanent settlements
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28
Q

Agriculture

A
  • Intensive strategy of production
  • More labor, use of fertilizers, control of water supply, use of animals
  • Involves indigenous knowledge
  • Permanent settlements
  • Higher population density
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29
Q

Industrialism/Informatics

A

Goods produced to satisfy consumer demand - transfer of info through electronic media

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30
Q

Three Transformations Due to the Spread of Capitalism

A
  1. displaced millions of people from their land
  2. recruitment of foragers, horticulturalists etc to work in low levels of the industrial/Information Age sector
  3. increases in export commodity production and decreases in food production for family use
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31
Q

What is consumption?

A

The dominant way, in a culture of using up goods and services

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32
Q

Minimalism

A

a mode of consumption that emphasizes simplicity, is characterized by few and finite consumer demands, and involves an adequate and sustainable means to achieve them

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33
Q

Consumerism

A

A mode of consumption in which people’s demands are many and infinite and the means of satisfying them are insufficient and become depleted in the effort to satisfy these demands

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34
Q

Leveling Mechanism

A

an unwritten, culturally embedded rule that prevents an individual from becoming wealthier or more powerful than anyone else

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35
Q

Consumption Microcultures

A

Microcultures have distinct entitlement patterns . Social inequality may play an important role and affect human welfare. Examples are class, gender, race/ethnicity

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36
Q

Balanced Exchange: Generalized Reciprocity

A
  • Involves the least conscious sense of interest in material gain or of what might be received in return
  • Main form of exchange in foraging societies
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37
Q

Balanced Exchange: Expected Reciprocity

A
  • Exchange of approximately equally valued goods or services between people of roughly equal social status
  • If a party fails to complete the exchange, the relationship will break down
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38
Q

Balanced Exchange: Redistribution

A
  • One person collects goods or money from many members of a group and provides social return at a later time
  • Possible inequality because what is returned is not always equal in a material sense
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39
Q

Unbalanced Exchange

A

The buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions in which the forces of supply and demand determine value and the seller seems to man a profit
- Market exchange is a prominent form

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40
Q

Foraging Mode of Reproduction: Characteristics

A
  • moderate death and birth rates

- value of children: moderate

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41
Q

Agricultural Mode of Reproduction

A
  • High birth rates, declining death rates
  • high value of children
  • increased reliance on direct means of birth control
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42
Q

Industrial/Informatics Mode of Reproduction

A
  • following the demographic transition
  • Negative population growth in industrial/informatics countries: below-replacement-level-fertility
  • Value of children is mixed
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43
Q

Personality and the Life Cycle

A
  • Birth, infancy, and childhood
  • Socialization during childhood
  • Adolescence and identity
  • Adulthood
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44
Q

Major finding of difference between horticultural and industrial/informatics sites

A

Horticulture: Nurturant-responsible children

Industrial/informatics: Dependent-dominant children

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45
Q

Gender pluralism

A

The existence within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masculinity and androgyny that are tolerated and legitimate

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46
Q

Third Genders

A

Some cultures permit the expression of married forms of sexual orientation for example the berdache

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47
Q

Asexuality

A

when a person does not experience sexual attraction or have interest in sexual activity

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48
Q

The Subfield of Medical Anthropology

A
  • the cross-cultural study of health and health problems
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49
Q

Community healing

A

Mobilization of community ‘energy’ as key to cure
All-right healing dances
Open, everyone has access

50
Q

Humoral Healing

A

Based on balance among elements within the body

Different foods/drugs have ‘heating’ or ‘cooling’ effects

51
Q

Inculturation

A
  • to teach a culture to the next generation (compare to medschool)
  • Hazing
  • Cognitive Retrogression
  • Dehumanization (technology)
52
Q

Three Theoretical Approaches in Medical Anthropology

A
  • Ecological/Epidemiological Approach
  • Interpretivist Approach
  • Critical Medial Anthropology
53
Q

Ecological/Epidemiological Approach

A

Position that the environment interacts with culture to influence the cause and spread of health problems

54
Q

Interpretivist Approach

A
  • Focus on understanding illness and healing a symbolic and enacted as meaningful performance
  • Healing as providing symbolic meaning through the placebo effect, or meaning effect
55
Q

Critical Medical Anthropology

A

Focus on how economic and political power structures and inequality (structural suffering, “structural violence”) affect health access to healing

56
Q

Globalization and Change

A
  • All aspects of health systems are changing
  • Afflictions are on the move
  • Healing techniques are on the move
57
Q

Three Ways of Being Kin

A
  • Descent
  • Sharing
  • Marriage
58
Q

Unkin

A

not family

59
Q

Consanguineal

A

blood affiance, marriage

60
Q

Kinship Through Descent: Two major types:

A

Unilineal

Bilineal

61
Q

Unilineal Descent

A

Basis of kinship in 60 percent of the world’s cultures

Patrilineal, Matrilineal

62
Q

Bilineal Descent

A
  • Descent is traced equally from both parents

- Married couples live away from their parents

63
Q

Criteria for Defining Marriage

A
  • Numbers of people involved
  • Gender/sexual orientation of people involved
  • Functions of the relationship - Sexual intercourse, legitimacy of children, shared property, co-residence
64
Q

A working definition of Marriage

A

more or less a stable union, usually between two people who may or may not be co-residential, sexually involved with each other, and procreative with each other

65
Q

Fraternal Polyandry

A

One woman would marry two brothers

66
Q

Endogamous

A

unity

67
Q

Exogamous

A

alliance

68
Q

Nuclear Family

A

mother, father, children living in a house together

69
Q

Extended Family

A

mother, father, children, and other family as well in one household

70
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

the study of humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation

71
Q

Archaeology

A

the study of past human cultures through their material remains

72
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

the study of human communication, including its origins, history, and contemporary variation and change

73
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

the study of living peoples and their cultures, including variation and change. Culture refers to people’s learned and shared behaviours and beliefs

74
Q

Applied Anthropology

A

the use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shape and achieve policy goals

75
Q

Three subfields of biological anthropology

A

Primatology
Paleoanthropology
Contemporary human biological variation

76
Q

Agency

A

the ability of humans to make choices and exercise free will even within dominating structures

77
Q

Biological Determinism

A

a theory that explains human behaviour and ideas as shaped mainly by biological features such as genes and hormones

78
Q

Structurism

A

a theoretical position concerning human behaviour and ideas that says large forces such as the economy, social and political organization, and the media shape what people do and think

79
Q

Holism

A

the view that one must study all aspects of a culture to understand it

80
Q

Globalization

A

increased and intensified international ties related to the movement of goods, information, and people

81
Q

Localization

A

the transformation of global culture by local cultures into something new

82
Q

Particiant observation

A

basic fieldwork method in cultural anthropology that invloves living in a culture for a long time while gathering data

83
Q

Multisited research

A

fieldwork conducted in more than one location to understand the culture of dispersed members of the culture or relationships among different levels of culture

84
Q

Informed consent

A

an aspect of field work ethics requiring that the researcher inform the reserach participants of the intent scope, and possible effects of the proposed study and seel theor consent to be in the study

85
Q

Rapport

A

a trusting relationship between the reseacher and the study population

86
Q

Deductive approach to research

A

a research method that involves posing a research question or hypothesis, gathering data related to the question, and then assessing the findings in reltion to the original hypothesis

87
Q

Inductive approach to research

A

a reseach approach that avoids hypothesis formation in advance of the research and instead takes its lead from the culture being studied

88
Q

Emic

A

indsiders’ perceptions and categories, and their explanations for why they do what they do

89
Q

Computational anthropology

A

a research approach that uses large quantitative datasets available through Google, telephone use, and other computer-based sources to provide large-scale information about human preferences, values, and behaviour

90
Q

Mode of livelihood

A

the dominant way of making a living in a culture

91
Q

Mode of consumption

A

the dominant pattern, in a culture, of using things up or specnding resourches to satisfy demands

92
Q

Mode of exchange

A

the dominant patter, in a culture, of transferring goods, services, and other items between and among people and groups

93
Q

Subjective well-being

A

how people experience the quality of their lovces based on their perception of what is a good life

94
Q

Industrial capital agriculture

A

a form of agriculture that is capital-intensive, substituting machinery and purchased inputs for human and animal labor

95
Q

Industrialism/digital economy

A

a mode of livelihood in which goods are produced through mass employment in business and commercial operations and through the creation aand movement of information through electronic media

96
Q

Potlatch

A

a grand feast in which guests are invited to eat and to receive gifts from the hosts

97
Q

Pronatalism

A

an attitude or policy that encourages childbearing

98
Q

Infanticide

A

the killing of an infant or child

99
Q

Cultural competence

A

among Western-trained health professionals, awareness of and respesct for beliefs and practices that differ from thse of Western medicine

100
Q

Female genital cutting

A

a range of practices involving partial or total removal of the clitoris and labia

101
Q

Hijra

A

in India, a blurred gender role in which a person, usually biologically male, takes on femle dress and behaviour

102
Q

Gender pluralism

A

the existence within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masuculinity, and blurred genders that are tolerated and legitimate

103
Q

Hereronormativity

A

the belief that all people fall into two distinct genders, male and female, with corrresponding distinct social roles and adering to heterosexual relations

104
Q

Couvade

A

customs applying to the behaviour of fathers during and shorrtly after the birth of their children

105
Q

Culture-specific syndrome

A

a collection of signs and symptoms that is restriced to a particular culture or a mimited number of cultures

106
Q

somatization

A

the process through which the body absorbs social stress and manifests symptoms of suffering

107
Q

Susto

A

fright/shock disease, a culture-specific illness found in Spain and Portugal and among Latino people wherever they live; symptoms include back pain, fatigue, weakness, and lack of appetite

108
Q

Structural suffering

A

human health problems caused by such economic and political factors as war, famine, terrorism, forced migration, and poverty

109
Q

Phytotherapy

A

healing throguh the use of plants

110
Q

Medicalization

A

the labeling of a particular issue or problem as medical and requiring medical treatment when, in fact, that issue or problem is economic or political

111
Q

Medical pluralism

A

the existance of more than one health system in a culture; also, a government policy to promote the integration of local healing systems into biomedical practice

112
Q

Intercultural health

A

an approach in health that seeks to reduce the gaps between local and Western health systems in promoting more effective prevention and treatment of health problems

113
Q

Kinship system

A

the predominant form of kin relationships in a culture and the kinds of behaviour involved

114
Q

Incest taboo

A

a strongly held prohibition against marrying or having sex with particular kin

115
Q

Endogamy

A

marriage within a particular group or locality

116
Q

Parallel cousin

A

offspring of either one’s father’s brother or one’s mother’s sister

117
Q

Cross-cousin

A

offspring of either one’s father’s sister or one’s mothers brother

118
Q

Exogamy

A

marriage outside a particular group or locality

119
Q

Dowry

A

the transfer of cash and goods from the bride’s family to the newly married couple

120
Q

Brideprice

A

the transfer of cash and goods from the groom’s family to the bride’s family and to the bride

121
Q

Brideservice

A

a form of marriage exchange in which the groom works for his father-in law for a certain lengths of time before retiring home with the bride

ANTH 111 (2 decks)

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