Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

New Communication Technology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Define Monopoly

A

The exclusive possession or control of the supply of a product or service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define vertical integration

A
  • A company may manage multiple stages of a business

- Ex. hardware, software, and/or distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define horizontal integration

A

When a company specializes in one thing and try to be the only option
Example: Amazon trying to dominate all distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain rate of return regulation

A
  • Essentially capping the profit a company can make for providing a service in cable industry
  • Giving companies subsidies or this monopoly and in exchange, they can’t make more than X% profit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain common carrier universal service

A
  • Related to telephone industry

- Must serve customers in public interest without discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain Universal access

A

Everyone has the right to access phone/TV/Internet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define scarcity

A

When something has a limited amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain retransmission consent

A

Local stations could charge cable companies for access to signals
-The cable company could refuse to carry the signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain Bundling service

A

When you get cable, phone, and internet from the same company

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define subsidies

A

A sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List characteristics of the coaxial cable

A
  • Could transmit more than 3 stations at once
  • The hardwired tether could reach most people
  • Allows transmission of more data than copper wires
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the goal of regulation?

A

To get technology to diffuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the 1st Amendment

A
  • Freedom of speech

- Governments struggle with the balance of freedom of press/speech with their need to control/protect citizens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the 4th Amendment

A
  • Protects from searches

- How to apply to the Internet when no papers exist and data is stored online

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Communication Act of 1934

A
  • Broadcasters should serve in the public interest.
  • Wanted to prevent vertical integration and ensure competition, localism, and diversity.
  • Company couldn’t be both distributor and producer.
  • Federal law that Says we have to regulate right of way in a national level.
  • Created the FCC (Federal Communication Commission)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

1984 Modified Final Judgment (MFI)

A
  • Opened long distance calls to competition
  • Brought down the price of long distance calls
  • AT&T forced a break up and they lost their monopoly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

1996 Telecommunications Act

A
  • Goal was to promote competition and reduce regulation to get better prices
  • Led to convergence and monopolies
  • Merges between phone and cable companies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

E-mail and Privacy-federal Case Law - Balance privacy w/employer’s maintenance of workplace

A
  • Employees have no expectation of workplace privacy
  • Used for workplace misconduct
  • Only applies where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy
  • 4th amendment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Online Obscenity

A
  • Internet legislation based on broadcast legislation

- CDA/COPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Communications Decency Act (CDA) of 1996

A
  • Regulated all online sexual content
  • Only info appropriate for children would be available online
  • Ruled unconstitutional
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Libel

A
  • Any expression that damages your reputation or causes others to disassociate themselves from you
  • Publisher is responsible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Network Neutrality

A
  • Organizational infrastructure of different industries
  • History of corporations and ownership influence marketplace.
  • Only the cable company pushed for net neutrality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define convergence related to technology

A

The coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in a digital environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the role of information in new technology?

A

Information as an intangible public good or as a utility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Media products enter the economy as ____?

A

information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Intellectual property rights are retained by the ______?

A

Owner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Information lacks ____ presence and can be sold as many times as the market will allow. not manufactured

A

Physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Internet disseminates info of all types

A
  • Need to determine whether it is an information service or provider
  • Global and crosses international boundaries
  • Convergence of ownership
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How to track diffusion?

A
  • Have to measure with consistency
  • Consider effect of shortened lifecycle of technologies
  • Monetary measures are inconsistent
  • Non-monetary measures are more consistent
  • Used in different industries (e.g. monetary measures vs. units sold)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Principle of Relative Constancy

A

The amount of money individuals spend on media

  • Determined by the state of the economy
  • Consistent percent of disposable income
  • People spend predictable amounts on media
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What did the principle of relative constancy predict about the media industry?

A
  • Successful new media harms traditional media
  • New communication technologies are expensive
  • McCombs (1972) suggested new media was different
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the critique of the Principle of Relative Constancy?

A

It does not consider media economic theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the goal of diffusion of innovation theory?

A

Tries to explain how an innovation is communicated over time through different channels to members of society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the five groups that make up the Diffusion of Innovation Theory?

A
  • Innovators
  • Early Adopters
  • Early Majority
  • Late Majority
  • Laggards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Adoption of innovation predicts a person’s future ____?

A

adoption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is critical mass?

A
  • Apart of the Diffusion of Innovation Theory

- Number of people required to get people to adopt, the tipping point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Explains what happens in the delay period between innovation and diffusion?

A
  • Rate of adoption proceeds slowly
  • Diffusion becomes self-sustaining (critical mass)
  • Then the rate of adoption shoots up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the 4 stages of the product lifestyle?

A
  1. Introduction
  2. Growth
  3. Maturity
  4. Decline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the parts of the Umbrella Perspective of Technology

A
  • Enabling factors - make technology possible
  • Limiting factors - restrict or prevent technology
  • Motivating factors - make people want to adopt technology
  • Inhibiting factors - opposite of motivating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Umbrella Perspective - List the levels of the enabling factors

A
  • Hardware level (capability to send digital signals)

- Political level (policymakers allocate spectrum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Umbrella Perspective - List the levels of the limiting factors

A
  • Hardware level - no available service connects to device

- Organizational/political level - laws of policies prevent use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Umbrella Perspective - List the Motivating factors

A
  • Pool of rich users motivates corporations to provide service
  • Content motivates people to pay for service/adopt technology
43
Q

Umbrella Perspective - List the inhibiting factors

A
  • Social norms
  • Ethics
  • Perceived appropriateness
  • Cost
44
Q

Theory of planned behavior: Technological vs. social determinism vs. mutual determinism

A
  • Predicts adoption when no history of innovation
  • Seeks to understand how to persuade people to change behavior
  • Messages and attitude can influence behavioral intent
  • Behavioral intent can lead to behavior change, but not always true
  • Inconclusive predictive ability
45
Q

What is the goal of a rational choice model?

A

Seek to predict media choice, assuming people make a logical choice.

46
Q

What is the Social Presence Theory?

A
  • Categorizes media on “salience” of the interaction partner
  • Rational choice model
47
Q

What is the Information/Media richness model?

A
  • Assume people select media based on richness

- Rich media is best for personal/complex tasks

48
Q

What is the social information processing theory?

A
  • Predicts that people adapt their communication behaviors
  • Absence of cues does not reduce sociability
  • The choice depends on factors beyond media cues
49
Q

Explain the Uses and Gratifications theory?

A

-Predicts that people will use media that meet their needs

50
Q

What are the two assumptions of the Uses and Gratifications theory?

A
  • Assumes active audience making choices

- Assumes people are aware of needs to be met

51
Q

Explain the Social Learning theory?

A

-Predicting that people learn by modeling the behavior of others

52
Q

What is the Principle of Relative constancy (McCombs, 1972)

A

“Only a fixed proportion of the economy is available to finance mass communication.” McCombs

53
Q

Explain critical and cultural theories

A
  • A different perspective on the role of technology in lives
  • Feminist, LGBTQ, and racial scholars focus on ownership, presentation, and representation
54
Q

In the media women are frequently shown as?

A

As mothers or sex goddess

55
Q

How are minorities depicted in the media?

A

-Underrepresented and depicted stereotypically

56
Q

Prediction diffusion of technology and innovations

A
  • Affordances of Technology
  • Policy sets regulations
  • Social perception and goals
  • Content is king
57
Q

New innovations are more than just features (perceived to be new)

A
  • Must reach “diffusion threshold” for wide adoption

- Innovation requires more than features of technology

58
Q

How is the diffusion threshold reached?

A

Hardware, software, production, and distribution must be complete

59
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A
  • Range of electromagnetic frequencies
  • As sound, light, electrical energy used to transmit messages
  • Measured in hertz
60
Q

List characteristics of Spectrum use and standards

A
  • Use regulated and licensed by FCC
  • Wired channels
  • Wireless spectrum
  • Infrastructure of communication networks
61
Q

Analog Signal

A
  • Replica of original wave

- Measured in amplitude (strength)

62
Q

Digital Signal - convert to binary (0/1)

A
  • Each number is a bit and 8 bits make a byte

- Used to encode and decode messages

63
Q

ASCII Code

A
  • The binary language bits and bytes

- Baud rate and analog infrastructure

64
Q

True/False The use of wavelengths are heavily regulated?

A

True

65
Q

Analog bandwidth is measured in?

A

Hertz

66
Q

Variation in (wave) frequency determines the ______?

A

intensity of vibration

67
Q

What is a Wavelength

A

The distance sound travels during one cycle of the sound.

68
Q

Radio spectrum includes what two kinds of waves?

A
  • Ground waves

- Direct waves

69
Q

Ground waves

A
  • Travel along ground until absorbed

- Follows earths curvature

70
Q

Advantages of ground waves?

A
  • Able to go through objects ex. mountains, buildings, and forests
  • More stable for long range communication
71
Q

Disadvantages of Ground waves?

A
  • Low frequencies have long wavelengths

- Require massive equipment for transmission (huge antennas)

72
Q

Direct Waves

A
  • Travel in straight lines following horizon (line of sight)
  • Partially absorbed by obstacles in their path
  • Does not follow earth’s curvature
73
Q

What is the relationship between bandwidth and compression?

A

Compression techniques allow for more than one signal to be sent at one time through bandwidth. This is called simulcasting

74
Q

Define digital television

A

Any technology that uses digital techniques to provide advanced television dTV, HDTV, or other advanced features and services (FCC definition)

75
Q

What is the difference between analog and digital?

A

Analog can only send on channel at a time while digital can be digitized to be able to send multiple channels

76
Q

What is NTSC?

A

Analog standard(infrastructure) that came before digital, 4:3 ratio. They can send more singals through meg-hertz. In the 60’s they add color

77
Q

Explain the process of diffusion from analog to digital.

A
  • The switch from analog to digital changed the protocol and let providers match the television set.
  • didn’t mandate the number of scanlines
  • Standard high definition is most common
78
Q

Who pushed to make all digital transmission by Feb 17, 2009/ standards to change to allow color and then digital and other innovations to television

A
  • FCC
  • All analog transmission ceased in 2009
  • Only DTV broadcast allowed after this date (progressive and interlaced allowed)
  • Consumers upgraded TVs or purchased set-top box (not well advertised to consumers)
79
Q

Interlaced scanning is used by _____?

A

National Television Standards Committee

80
Q

What is one enabling characteristic of Television

A

Getting access to service and desired content

81
Q

List a few enabling characteristics of television

A
  • Policies on competition and retransmission of content

- Costs for programming and TV sets

82
Q

Explain how content delivery changed television (push/pull)

A
  • Used to be ‘pushed’ from media on schedule

- Now is ‘pulled’ by consumer whenever

83
Q

Explain Negroponte switch and cutting the cord

A
  • Transmissions going from wired to wireless
  • Need spectrum and access (Net Neutrality)
  • Battle between broadcasters and mobile phone providers for limited spectrum
84
Q

Explain Broadcast flag technology

A
  • To block the copying of flagged programs
  • FCC put a requirement for the flag
  • Public interest groups challenged this in court
  • Court ruled that FCC overstepped
  • Congress may revise FCC power to allow this
85
Q

Cable television now is a ______?

A

Multichannel TV service

86
Q

What is the primary form of video entertainment for americans?

A

Cable TV

87
Q

Why was Cable TV created?

A

To get TV to people who OTA broadcast couldn’t reach

88
Q

List barriers to overcome for diffusion

A
  • Loop and architecture and move to coaxial cable and fiber optics (amplifiers and set top boxes)
  • Infrastructure influence how technology can be used
  • Converting traditional cable to digital
89
Q

What is the FCC Anti Siphoning Legislation of 1970?

A
  • Protect networks content (movies and sports) from cable

- Federal Circuit Court in 1977 rejected limitations and relieved cable industry

90
Q

What is the Cable communications policy act of 1984?

A
  • Regulated cable at the federal level
  • Deregulated local and state restrictions on industry profits
  • Resulted in the diffusion of investment into industry but less competition
  • Rates skyrocketed and led to complaints
91
Q

Satellite home viewer act 1988

A

Amends the copyright law to require statutory licensing of secondary transmissions of a primary transmission made by a superstation or a network station if such secondary transmission is made by a satellite carrier to the public for private viewing for a charge.

92
Q

Cable TV Consumer Protection and Competition act of 1992

A
  • Re-regulated price and service of the cable industry to spur competition
  • Changed “must carry” to retransmission consent
  • FCC considered including the Internet (VOD and PPV) be included
93
Q

What is Must-Carry?

A

Requires cable service to carry local station, no compensation

94
Q

What is Retransmission consent?

A
  • Previously known as Must-Carry
  • Local stations could charge cable companies for access to signals
  • The cable companies could refuse to carry the signal
95
Q

What is the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2004

A
  • Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 and the wardrobe malfunction
  • Outraged parents and consumers
  • Increased fines for indecency
  • Allows for license revocation after 3 violations
  • Indecency is not well defined and the act will be redefined (act does not consider violence)
96
Q

What is Deregulation?

A
  • Freedom from government control for corporations
  • A “Free Market” should allow the best products to diffuse
  • No rules on ownership, content, or universal service
  • Maintain rules protecting and sustaining infrastructure and licensing
97
Q

What is regulated control?

A
  • Mandate that everyone can easily access communication

- Force companies to act in public interest

98
Q

____ was seen as an extension of the post office

A

The telegraph

99
Q

What industry was the first to fund infrastructure as private/public partnership?

A

Telegraph

100
Q

Explain the differing regulation philosophy of the Telephone

A
  • Initially regulated as a utility
  • Seen as a necessity for citizens
  • need for interconnection and universal service
101
Q

Explain the Differing regulation philosophy of Broadcasting

A
  • More heavily regulated than other industries
  • Spectrum scarcity as public resource justified technical restrictions
  • Limited licensing allows censorship and public interest requirement
  • Radio rules largely transferred to television
102
Q

Explain the Differing regulation philosophy of the Internet

A
  • Requires new regulatory perspective - unique service
  • Need to determine whether it is an information service or provider
  • Everyone is a content consumer and provider
  • Global and crosses international boundaries
  • Convergence of ownership, and devices
  • different considerations for access, content regulation,etc.
103
Q

High-speed Internet

A
  • Requires infrastructure upgrades
  • Congress passes rules requiring it but not funds to enact
  • Government trying to partner with corporations to upgrade infrastructure

New Communication Technology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions