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bioethics > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

principles of utilitarianism

A

actions that result in happiness have positive utility and ones that create misery have negative utility

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2
Q

what type of theory is utilitarianism

A

consequentialist

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3
Q

what are all sentient creatures deserving of

A

moral concern

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4
Q

advantages of utilitarianism

A

provides one with a decision procedure

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5
Q

objection of utilitarianism

A

it conflicts with moral intuitions, fails to recognize individual rights

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6
Q

utilitarians reply

A

consider the consequences and terror of the patients

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7
Q

John mills book describes

A

defense of individual freedom

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8
Q

2nd objection of utilitarianism

A

theory value claims that happiness is the greatest good (ultimate end)

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9
Q

3rd objection of utilitarianism

A

impossible to compare and weigh the happiness of one person against another

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10
Q

4th objection of utilitarianism

A

calculation of the probable consequences of actions

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11
Q

5th objection of utilitarianism

A

criticism concerns theory of responsibility it implies

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12
Q

act-utilitarianism

A

concerned consequences of specific acts

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13
Q

rule-utilitarianism

A

concerned consequences of general policies

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14
Q

kantain ethics

person

A

imanuel kant

groundworks for the metaphysics of moral

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15
Q

kants objections

A

consequences can never make action right or wrong

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16
Q

morality

A

motives-duty vs inclination

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17
Q

freedom

A

determination of will-autonomous vs heteronomous

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18
Q

reason

A

imperatives-categorical vs hypothetical

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19
Q

hypothetical vs categorical

A

if you want to achieve x, then do y and do y, whether you want or feel

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20
Q

humanity formula

A

never act in a way we treat humanity

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21
Q

autonomy formula

A

act so your maxims could be legislator of universal laws. focus on status of law givers not law followers

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22
Q

universalization

A

always act on maxim that you can consistently will as principle of action

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23
Q

what does morality require

A

all people must be treated equally

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24
Q

the transplant problem possess what

A

rational beings have dignity

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25
Q

objection of kantain ethics

A

not provided with a decision procedure but allows more individual autonomy

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26
Q

ethical theories tend to be…

A

reductionist, offering one idea as the key to morality

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27
Q

what does each theory claim

A

the discovery of the single standard of morality

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28
Q

what fundamental questions does the social contrast theory imply

A
  1. obligations are determined

2. fulfill our obligations

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29
Q

Hobbesian contractarianism

A

natural equality of physical power

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30
Q

kantain contractarianism

A

natural equality of moral status

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31
Q

more about kantain contractarianism

A

people matter because they are ends in themselves and everyone is entitled to equal consideration

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32
Q

rawlsian theory of justice

A

hypothetical social contrast

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33
Q

the hypothetical position everyone knows

A

they are human and have basic human needs

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34
Q

2 basic principles people choose to guide institutions of their society

A
  1. principle of liberty

2. principle of equality

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35
Q

universal right to health care

person

A

norman Daniels

sickness and disability prevent us from functioning normally, can’t compete with others

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36
Q

natural rights

person

A

John locke

people are equal and independent

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37
Q

libertarianism

A
  • taking goods away from those who are entitled to them violates their rights
  • biggest objection is disadvantage of those born in poverty
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38
Q

virtue ethics

A

family of moral theories are concerned with special priority to the role of virtues in moral life

39
Q

who stared traditional moral philosophy

A

Aristotle

40
Q

Aristotles view of ethics

A

happiness is a life activity that consists in intellectual faculties under guidance of human capacity for rationality

41
Q

what type of bioethics is religion a source of value

A

contemporary bioethics

42
Q

what is religious ethics

A

one of the parent disciplines of bioethics

43
Q

Roman Catholic moral school is connected to bioethics, how?

A

most influential religious traditions in contemporary bioethics

44
Q

natural law ethics

A

natural law is the law inscribed by god into the nature of things (divine law)

45
Q

doctrine of double effect req. 1

A

act isn’t inherently evil

46
Q

d.o.d.e req. 2

A

act is aimed towards good ends

47
Q

d.o.d.e req. 3

A

good ends aren’t direct result of bad ends

48
Q

d.o.d.e req. 4

A

good results outweigh the bad results

49
Q

principle approach

A

theories are perspectives on a moral reality

50
Q

what did principals become

A

the mode of “doing bioethics” in US

51
Q

autonomy

A

respect individuals to choose their own vision of good life

52
Q

beneficence

A

interests of other people and society at large

53
Q

nonmaleficence

A

refrain from harming others

54
Q

justice

A

act fairly and resolve with fair procedures

55
Q

paradigm case

A

nazi research atrocities

56
Q

particularities of cases

who, what, where, when

A
  1. who: enslaved population vs patients diseased
  2. what: experiment to kill vs study behavior
  3. where: death camps vs nursing homes
  4. when: after capture vs consent from family
57
Q

“person”

A

virtue ethics

58
Q

“action”

A

deontological ethics

59
Q

“outcome”

A

utilitarianism ethics

60
Q

middle level methods

A

principalism
causistry
truth-telling

61
Q

respect for autonomy

A

healthcare providers respect right of the patient to make free decisions

62
Q

paternalism

A

providers override patients autonomy for the sake of health care

63
Q

1st model of physician/patient relationship

A

goals of physician and patient info

64
Q

2nd model

A

obligations of the physician

65
Q

3rd model

A

role of patient values

66
Q

4th model

A

conception of patient autonomy

67
Q

paternalistic model

A

ensures patients receives interventions that best promote their health and well-being
(physician acts as guardian)

68
Q

assent vs consent

A

agreement of someone not able to give consent to participate in activity

69
Q

informative model

A

“consumer model”

objective is to give patient relevant info, so they can select

70
Q

interpretive model

A

interaction is to elucidate patients values and what they want,
patient values are not fixed or known

71
Q

deliberative model

A

suggestion of what values are more worthy and should be aspired,
physician acts as teacher

72
Q

preferred model

A

freedom over medical decisions alone, don’t constitute patient autonomy,
patients are willing to adjust values

73
Q

informed consent and truth-telling

A

advancement of patients well-being and respect for patients autonomy

74
Q

free and informed consent

A

patient must not be subject to coercion or undue influence to consent

75
Q

inducements

A

offers that get people to do things they wouldn’t do

76
Q

undue inducements

A

offers are too attractive and may blind subjects to risks or impair ability to poor judgement

77
Q

tunnel vision

A

focusing on gain,

ignoring cost

78
Q

myopia

A

overweighting short term goals
underweighting long term goals
hyperbolic discounting

79
Q

approach to inform patients

A

duty to disclose all relevant info to decision process

80
Q

medical error

A

preventable adverse effect of care, whether or not harmful

they are avoidable

81
Q

healthcare providers educate themselves about what

A

various normalities and values that are common in ethic/ cultural groups

82
Q

errors can happen because

A

they don’t know something they need to know,

don’t properly use clinical skills

83
Q

why physicians hesitate to disclose their errors

A

uncertainty regarding the error, concern of patients well-being, concern about loosing patients trust, fear of litigation

84
Q

some sources of professional moral obligations

people

A

patients
professions
employers

85
Q

confidentiality vs protection from harm

A

right of patients to control info about them,

maintain trust in physician-patient relationship

86
Q

conditions that invoke duty to warn

A

immune threat of serious harm,

no alternative to advertise threat other than breach confidentiality

87
Q

global health governance

A

governs health related affairs

88
Q

globalization and the global village

what we live in

A

culture, environment, economy, health

89
Q

key issues

A

global infectious disease
surveillance regime
access to pharmaceuticals

90
Q

limits of conscientious objection

A

refusal to perform a role due to certain beliefs

91
Q

what are liberal communities committed to respect

A

personal liberty of community members

92
Q

physicians participation in execution

A

his/her personal moral decision,

physician is entitled to his/her own opinion on various ethical issues

93
Q

pragmatic standpoint

A

physicians participation in capital punishment is using knowledge to ease suffering

94
Q

goal of medicine encompasses

A
  1. relief of pain
  2. promotion of health
  3. forestalling of death
  4. cure of disease
  5. care of those who can not be cured

bioethics (1 decks)

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