midterm Flashcards
principles of utilitarianism
actions that result in happiness have positive utility and ones that create misery have negative utility
what type of theory is utilitarianism
consequentialist
what are all sentient creatures deserving of
moral concern
advantages of utilitarianism
provides one with a decision procedure
objection of utilitarianism
it conflicts with moral intuitions, fails to recognize individual rights
utilitarians reply
consider the consequences and terror of the patients
John mills book describes
defense of individual freedom
2nd objection of utilitarianism
theory value claims that happiness is the greatest good (ultimate end)
3rd objection of utilitarianism
impossible to compare and weigh the happiness of one person against another
4th objection of utilitarianism
calculation of the probable consequences of actions
5th objection of utilitarianism
criticism concerns theory of responsibility it implies
act-utilitarianism
concerned consequences of specific acts
rule-utilitarianism
concerned consequences of general policies
kantain ethics
person
imanuel kant
groundworks for the metaphysics of moral
kants objections
consequences can never make action right or wrong
morality
motives-duty vs inclination
freedom
determination of will-autonomous vs heteronomous
reason
imperatives-categorical vs hypothetical
hypothetical vs categorical
if you want to achieve x, then do y and do y, whether you want or feel
humanity formula
never act in a way we treat humanity
autonomy formula
act so your maxims could be legislator of universal laws. focus on status of law givers not law followers
universalization
always act on maxim that you can consistently will as principle of action
what does morality require
all people must be treated equally
the transplant problem possess what
rational beings have dignity
objection of kantain ethics
not provided with a decision procedure but allows more individual autonomy
ethical theories tend to be…
reductionist, offering one idea as the key to morality
what does each theory claim
the discovery of the single standard of morality
what fundamental questions does the social contrast theory imply
- obligations are determined
2. fulfill our obligations
Hobbesian contractarianism
natural equality of physical power
kantain contractarianism
natural equality of moral status
more about kantain contractarianism
people matter because they are ends in themselves and everyone is entitled to equal consideration
rawlsian theory of justice
hypothetical social contrast
the hypothetical position everyone knows
they are human and have basic human needs
2 basic principles people choose to guide institutions of their society
- principle of liberty
2. principle of equality
universal right to health care
person
norman Daniels
sickness and disability prevent us from functioning normally, can’t compete with others
natural rights
person
John locke
people are equal and independent
libertarianism
- taking goods away from those who are entitled to them violates their rights
- biggest objection is disadvantage of those born in poverty
virtue ethics
family of moral theories are concerned with special priority to the role of virtues in moral life
who stared traditional moral philosophy
Aristotle
Aristotles view of ethics
happiness is a life activity that consists in intellectual faculties under guidance of human capacity for rationality
what type of bioethics is religion a source of value
contemporary bioethics
what is religious ethics
one of the parent disciplines of bioethics
Roman Catholic moral school is connected to bioethics, how?
most influential religious traditions in contemporary bioethics
natural law ethics
natural law is the law inscribed by god into the nature of things (divine law)
doctrine of double effect req. 1
act isn’t inherently evil
d.o.d.e req. 2
act is aimed towards good ends
d.o.d.e req. 3
good ends aren’t direct result of bad ends
d.o.d.e req. 4
good results outweigh the bad results
principle approach
theories are perspectives on a moral reality
what did principals become
the mode of “doing bioethics” in US
autonomy
respect individuals to choose their own vision of good life
beneficence
interests of other people and society at large
nonmaleficence
refrain from harming others
justice
act fairly and resolve with fair procedures
paradigm case
nazi research atrocities
particularities of cases
who, what, where, when
- who: enslaved population vs patients diseased
- what: experiment to kill vs study behavior
- where: death camps vs nursing homes
- when: after capture vs consent from family
“person”
virtue ethics
“action”
deontological ethics
“outcome”
utilitarianism ethics
middle level methods
principalism
causistry
truth-telling
respect for autonomy
healthcare providers respect right of the patient to make free decisions
paternalism
providers override patients autonomy for the sake of health care
1st model of physician/patient relationship
goals of physician and patient info
2nd model
obligations of the physician
3rd model
role of patient values
4th model
conception of patient autonomy
paternalistic model
ensures patients receives interventions that best promote their health and well-being
(physician acts as guardian)
assent vs consent
agreement of someone not able to give consent to participate in activity
informative model
“consumer model”
objective is to give patient relevant info, so they can select
interpretive model
interaction is to elucidate patients values and what they want,
patient values are not fixed or known
deliberative model
suggestion of what values are more worthy and should be aspired,
physician acts as teacher
preferred model
freedom over medical decisions alone, don’t constitute patient autonomy,
patients are willing to adjust values
informed consent and truth-telling
advancement of patients well-being and respect for patients autonomy
free and informed consent
patient must not be subject to coercion or undue influence to consent
inducements
offers that get people to do things they wouldn’t do
undue inducements
offers are too attractive and may blind subjects to risks or impair ability to poor judgement
tunnel vision
focusing on gain,
ignoring cost
myopia
overweighting short term goals
underweighting long term goals
hyperbolic discounting
approach to inform patients
duty to disclose all relevant info to decision process
medical error
preventable adverse effect of care, whether or not harmful
they are avoidable
healthcare providers educate themselves about what
various normalities and values that are common in ethic/ cultural groups
errors can happen because
they don’t know something they need to know,
don’t properly use clinical skills
why physicians hesitate to disclose their errors
uncertainty regarding the error, concern of patients well-being, concern about loosing patients trust, fear of litigation
some sources of professional moral obligations
people
patients
professions
employers
confidentiality vs protection from harm
right of patients to control info about them,
maintain trust in physician-patient relationship
conditions that invoke duty to warn
immune threat of serious harm,
no alternative to advertise threat other than breach confidentiality
global health governance
governs health related affairs
globalization and the global village
what we live in
culture, environment, economy, health
key issues
global infectious disease
surveillance regime
access to pharmaceuticals
limits of conscientious objection
refusal to perform a role due to certain beliefs
what are liberal communities committed to respect
personal liberty of community members
physicians participation in execution
his/her personal moral decision,
physician is entitled to his/her own opinion on various ethical issues
pragmatic standpoint
physicians participation in capital punishment is using knowledge to ease suffering
goal of medicine encompasses
- relief of pain
- promotion of health
- forestalling of death
- cure of disease
- care of those who can not be cured
