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midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

principles of utilitarianism

A

actions that result in happiness have positive utility and ones that create misery have negative utility

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2
Q

what type of theory is utilitarianism

A

consequentialist

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3
Q

what are all sentient creatures deserving of

A

moral concern

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4
Q

advantages of utilitarianism

A

provides one with a decision procedure

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5
Q

objection of utilitarianism

A

it conflicts with moral intuitions, fails to recognize individual rights

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6
Q

utilitarians reply

A

consider the consequences and terror of the patients

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7
Q

John mills book describes

A

defense of individual freedom

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8
Q

2nd objection of utilitarianism

A

theory value claims that happiness is the greatest good (ultimate end)

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9
Q

3rd objection of utilitarianism

A

impossible to compare and weigh the happiness of one person against another

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10
Q

4th objection of utilitarianism

A

calculation of the probable consequences of actions

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11
Q

5th objection of utilitarianism

A

criticism concerns theory of responsibility it implies

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12
Q

act-utilitarianism

A

concerned consequences of specific acts

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13
Q

rule-utilitarianism

A

concerned consequences of general policies

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14
Q

kantain ethics

person

A

imanuel kant

groundworks for the metaphysics of moral

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15
Q

kants objections

A

consequences can never make action right or wrong

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16
Q

morality

A

motives-duty vs inclination

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17
Q

freedom

A

determination of will-autonomous vs heteronomous

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18
Q

reason

A

imperatives-categorical vs hypothetical

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19
Q

hypothetical vs categorical

A

if you want to achieve x, then do y and do y, whether you want or feel

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20
Q

humanity formula

A

never act in a way we treat humanity

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21
Q

autonomy formula

A

act so your maxims could be legislator of universal laws. focus on status of law givers not law followers

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22
Q

universalization

A

always act on maxim that you can consistently will as principle of action

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23
Q

what does morality require

A

all people must be treated equally

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24
Q

the transplant problem possess what

A

rational beings have dignity

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25
objection of kantain ethics
not provided with a decision procedure but allows more individual autonomy
26
ethical theories tend to be...
reductionist, offering one idea as the key to morality
27
what does each theory claim
the discovery of the single standard of morality
28
what fundamental questions does the social contrast theory imply
1. obligations are determined | 2. fulfill our obligations
29
Hobbesian contractarianism
natural equality of physical power
30
kantain contractarianism
natural equality of moral status
31
more about kantain contractarianism
people matter because they are ends in themselves and everyone is entitled to equal consideration
32
rawlsian theory of justice
hypothetical social contrast
33
the hypothetical position everyone knows
they are human and have basic human needs
34
2 basic principles people choose to guide institutions of their society
1. principle of liberty | 2. principle of equality
35
universal right to health care | person
norman Daniels | sickness and disability prevent us from functioning normally, can't compete with others
36
natural rights | person
John locke | people are equal and independent
37
libertarianism
- taking goods away from those who are entitled to them violates their rights - biggest objection is disadvantage of those born in poverty
38
virtue ethics
family of moral theories are concerned with special priority to the role of virtues in moral life
39
who stared traditional moral philosophy
Aristotle
40
Aristotles view of ethics
happiness is a life activity that consists in intellectual faculties under guidance of human capacity for rationality
41
what type of bioethics is religion a source of value
contemporary bioethics
42
what is religious ethics
one of the parent disciplines of bioethics
43
Roman Catholic moral school is connected to bioethics, how?
most influential religious traditions in contemporary bioethics
44
natural law ethics
natural law is the law inscribed by god into the nature of things (divine law)
45
doctrine of double effect req. 1
act isn't inherently evil
46
d.o.d.e req. 2
act is aimed towards good ends
47
d.o.d.e req. 3
good ends aren't direct result of bad ends
48
d.o.d.e req. 4
good results outweigh the bad results
49
principle approach
theories are perspectives on a moral reality
50
what did principals become
the mode of "doing bioethics" in US
51
autonomy
respect individuals to choose their own vision of good life
52
beneficence
interests of other people and society at large
53
nonmaleficence
refrain from harming others
54
justice
act fairly and resolve with fair procedures
55
paradigm case
nazi research atrocities
56
particularities of cases | who, what, where, when
1. who: enslaved population vs patients diseased 2. what: experiment to kill vs study behavior 3. where: death camps vs nursing homes 4. when: after capture vs consent from family
57
"person"
virtue ethics
58
"action"
deontological ethics
59
"outcome"
utilitarianism ethics
60
middle level methods
principalism causistry truth-telling
61
respect for autonomy
healthcare providers respect right of the patient to make free decisions
62
paternalism
providers override patients autonomy for the sake of health care
63
1st model of physician/patient relationship
goals of physician and patient info
64
2nd model
obligations of the physician
65
3rd model
role of patient values
66
4th model
conception of patient autonomy
67
paternalistic model
ensures patients receives interventions that best promote their health and well-being (physician acts as guardian)
68
assent vs consent
agreement of someone not able to give consent to participate in activity
69
informative model
"consumer model" | objective is to give patient relevant info, so they can select
70
interpretive model
interaction is to elucidate patients values and what they want, patient values are not fixed or known
71
deliberative model
suggestion of what values are more worthy and should be aspired, physician acts as teacher
72
preferred model
freedom over medical decisions alone, don't constitute patient autonomy, patients are willing to adjust values
73
informed consent and truth-telling
advancement of patients well-being and respect for patients autonomy
74
free and informed consent
patient must not be subject to coercion or undue influence to consent
75
inducements
offers that get people to do things they wouldn't do
76
undue inducements
offers are too attractive and may blind subjects to risks or impair ability to poor judgement
77
tunnel vision
focusing on gain, | ignoring cost
78
myopia
overweighting short term goals underweighting long term goals hyperbolic discounting
79
approach to inform patients
duty to disclose all relevant info to decision process
80
medical error
preventable adverse effect of care, whether or not harmful | they are avoidable
81
healthcare providers educate themselves about what
various normalities and values that are common in ethic/ cultural groups
82
errors can happen because
they don't know something they need to know, | don't properly use clinical skills
83
why physicians hesitate to disclose their errors
uncertainty regarding the error, concern of patients well-being, concern about loosing patients trust, fear of litigation
84
some sources of professional moral obligations | people
patients professions employers
85
confidentiality vs protection from harm
right of patients to control info about them, | maintain trust in physician-patient relationship
86
conditions that invoke duty to warn
immune threat of serious harm, | no alternative to advertise threat other than breach confidentiality
87
global health governance
governs health related affairs
88
globalization and the global village | what we live in
culture, environment, economy, health
89
key issues
global infectious disease surveillance regime access to pharmaceuticals
90
limits of conscientious objection
refusal to perform a role due to certain beliefs
91
what are liberal communities committed to respect
personal liberty of community members
92
physicians participation in execution
his/her personal moral decision, | physician is entitled to his/her own opinion on various ethical issues
93
pragmatic standpoint
physicians participation in capital punishment is using knowledge to ease suffering
94
goal of medicine encompasses
1. relief of pain 2. promotion of health 3. forestalling of death 4. cure of disease 5. care of those who can not be cured

bioethics (1 decks)

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