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NEUR1202 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

Lectures 1-8 20 MC 10 1-Definitions 5 2-Definitions 10 Short Answers

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT a class of hormone?

a) Peptide
b) Steroid
c) Acetylcholine
d) Monoamine

A

c) Acetylcholine

- Acetylcholine is strictly a neurotransmitter

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of the stress response?

a) Brain works harder to deal with the stressor
b) Allows you to think more clearly in order to escape the stressor
c) Conserves the body’s energy to appropriately deal with the stressor
d) both A and C

A

b) Allows you to think more clearly in order to escape the stressor

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3
Q

Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in:

a) Central Nervous System
b) Peripheral Nervous System

A

a) Central Nervous System

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4
Q

DNA wrapped around clusters of proteins is called?

a) Crisatse
b) Protease
c) Histone
d) Chromatin

A

d) Chromatin

- histone protein + DNA

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT involved in shutting down the stress response?

a) Hippocampus
b) Hypothalamus
c) Anterior pituitary
d) Basal ganglia

A

d) Basal ganglia

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6
Q

What are the 4 DNA nucleotide bases?

a) adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
b) adenine, cytosine, tryptophan, uracil
c) thymine, guanine, cytosine, adenine
d) guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil

A

c) thymine, guanine, cytosine, adenine

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7
Q

Which is NOT a metabolic effect of cortisol?

a) Reduces bone and connective tissue formation
b) Acts as an anti-inflammatory
c) Alters sensitivity of tissues to other hormones
d) Increased blood sugar levels

A

b) Acts as an anti-inflammatory

- Not a metabolic effect

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8
Q

How is the stress response shut down?

a) Positive feedback loop
b) Negative feedback loop
c) Stimulating the adrenal glands
d) Increasing the body’s levels of serotonin

A

b) Negative feedback loop
- Cortisol secretion
EX:
1. Hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary all sensitive to cortisol
2. When cortisol levels are too high, these regions shut down cortisol secretion
i. Hippocampus/Hypothalamus reduce CRH
ii. Anterior Pituitary secrete less ACTH
3. When CRH and ACTH are reduced, adrenal glands produce less cortisol

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of protein?

a) Structural proteins
b) Cell signaling proteins
c) Enzymes
d) Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

d) Deoxyribonucleic acid

- Nucleotides, not protein

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10
Q

Which is NOT a way neurotransmitters are deactivated?

a) Diffusion
b) Degradation
c) Reuptake
d) Hormone Binding

A

d) Hormone binding

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11
Q

What is the correct sequence?

a) RNA -> DNA -> Protein
b) Protein -> mRNA -> RNA
c) DNA -> Protein
d) DNA -> mRNA -> Protein

A

d) DNA -> mRNA -> Protein

- Transcription and translation

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12
Q

Which of the following helps to remove waste products of the brain?

a) Enteric Nervous system
b) Glymphatic system
c) Neural system
d) Lymphatic system

A

b) Glymphatic system

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the idea that cytokines could play a role in depression?

a) Giving people cytokine treatment can produce depressive systems
b) Depression is more common among people suffering from inflammatory disease
c) Anti-depressant treatment improves certain components of sickness behaviour in mice
d) Suppressing dopamine will reduce cytokine efficiency

A

d) Suppressing dopamine will reduce cytokine efficiency

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14
Q

Area’s of nervous system composed of cell bodies and blood vells:

a) Grey matter
b) White matter

A

a) Grey matter

- White matter is myelinated axons in CNS

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15
Q

Which of the following is one of the most potent stressors?

a) School stress
b) Work stress
c) Social stress
d) Sickness

A

c) Social stress

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16
Q

A large collection of axons in the peripheral nervous system is known as?

a) Nerve
b) Tract
c) Tendon
d) Spine

A

A) Nerve

- Tracts are collection’s in the central nervous system

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17
Q

Which of the following is false?

a) Proteins have 20 amino acids
b) DNA has 4 nucleotide bases
c) 3 nucleotides code for an amino acid
d) there are 60 possible codons

A

d) there are 60 possible codons

- there are 64

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18
Q

Which of the following is a metabolic effect of cortisol?

a) Decreased breakdown of lean body mass
b) Altered sensitivity of tissues to other hormones
c) Decreased breakdown of lean body mass
d) Increased bone and connective tissue formation

A

b) Altered sensitivity of tissues to other hormones

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19
Q

True or False, Action potentials lose their signal as they travel down the axon?
A) True
B) False

A

B) False

- All or none response

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20
Q

True or False, Norepinephrine is a type of Monoamine?
A) True
B) False

A

A) True

- As well as epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

21
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology (Def-1)

A

Mind, brain, immune system interaction (one large network)

22
Q

Psychological Resilience (Def-1)

A

Exposure to stressful events improves ability to cope

23
Q

Macrophages (Def-1)

A

Type of phagocyte that triggers phagocytosis (destruction of pathogen)

24
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier (Def-1)

A

Tight gaps in between endothelial cells that keep large molecules from passing into the brain

25
Q

DNA (Def-1)

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, contains genetic code

26
Q

Stressor (Def-1)

A

Stimulus that challenges homeostasis and triggers a response

27
Q

Genes (Def-1)

A

Segments of DNA that code for particular proteins

28
Q

Sickness Behaviour (Def-1)

A

Ignoring food, excess sleep, conserving energy

29
Q

Epigenetics (Def-1)

A

Changes in gene expression related to experience

30
Q

Eustress (Def-1)

A

Positive Challenges

31
Q

Catecholamines (Def-2)

A
  • Adrenal gland hormones: epinephrine, norepinephrine

- Increase HR, Bronchodialiation, Decreased digestion, increased blood pressure

32
Q

Cytokines (Def-2)

A
  • Molecules that coordinate immune response

- IL-1 stimulates T-cells to produce IL-2, IL-2 induces B and T Cell creation

33
Q

Histone Acetylation (Def-2)

A
  • Epigenetic mark on chromatin

- Loosens chromatin, increases gene transcription

34
Q

Somatic Nervous System (Def-2)

A
  • Efferent Nerves –> Connect CNS to skeletal muscle, exiting stimuli
  • Afferent Nerves –> Carry info from sensory organs to CNS
35
Q

Pituitary Gland (Def-2)

A

Master Gland

  • Anterior –> Releases ACTH, regulate physiological functions
  • Posterior –> Hormone secretion, not glandular
36
Q

Briefly describe how stress impairs cognition (SA)

A

Cognition is largely a product of our pre-frontal cortex, which is also responsible for inhibiting lower brain regions, under normal non-stress environment, the PFC receives optimal domaine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) levels. Under conditions of stress, PFC becomes flooded with DA and NE and is unable to continue inhibiting the lower brain regions. (Inhibition of inhibitor)

37
Q

Cortisol is a ligand for two main types of receptors. What are they? (SA)

A
  1. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) –> Higher affinity

2. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) –> Lower affinity

38
Q

Differentiate between the HPA and SAM axes. (SA)

A 
HPA AXIS:
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Slow pathway
- Mediates prolonged stress
- CRH, ACTH, Cortisol
SAM AXIS:
- Sympatho-adrenomedullary axis
- Fast pathway
- Mediates initial response
- Epinephrine, norepinephrine
39
Q

Compare Innate Immune System and Adaptive Immune System. (SA)

A

Innate Immune System:
- General purpose immunity
- Macrophage cells that trigger phagocytosis
- Releases cytokines into circulation upon activation
Adaptive Immune System:
- Activated by cytokines, two leukocyte system:
1. Cell-mediated immunity involving T-cells (thymus)
2. Antibody-mediated immunity involving B-cells (Bone marrow)

40
Q

Describe the 4 steps of gene expression. (SA)

A
  1. DNA molecule partly unravels
  2. mRNA is transcribed from section of DNA
  3. mRNA strand is attached to ribosome which translates each set of three codons to an amino acid
  4. When ribosome reaches end, codon instructs release of protein
41
Q

Briefly describe the three-stage of General Adaptation Syndrome? (SA)

A
  1. Alarm –> Initial stressor reaction (fight/flight)
  2. Resistance –> Prolonged stressor is coped with (HPA Axis)
  3. Exhaustion –> Depletion of physical resources, diseases appear
42
Q

What is Histone methylation? Provide an example talked about in class. (SA)

A
  • Epigenetic mark that tightens chromatin and decreases gene transcription
  • Low lick/ grooming mouse pups have more DNA methylation markers on glucocorticoid receptors
43
Q

Describe Action potential. (SA)

A

Change in neuron membrane polarity from -70mv to 30 mv, causing positive ions to flood in, depolarizing the interior of the axon, sending an electrical signal from away from the cell body down the axon

44
Q

3 Types of hormones and one example.

A
  1. Peptides –> Insulin
  2. Steroids –> Testosterone
  3. Amine’s –> Norepinephrine
45
Q

How do steroid hormones differ in their action on cell receptors?

A

They attach to DNA and transcribe altered gene expression, much like epigenetics, a long-lasting and slow process.

46
Q

List the main differences between EPSP’s & IPSP’s

A 
○ EPSP's:
	- Excitatory
	- Depolarize cell membrane
	- Increase chance of action potential
○ IPSP's:
	- Inhibitory
	- Hyperpolarize cell membrane
        - Decrease chance of action potential
47
Q

4 Classes of Neurotransmitters and one example of each

A
  1. Amino Acids –> Glutamate
  2. Peptides –> Oxytocin
  3. Monoamines –> Dopamine
  4. Other –> Acetylcholine
48
Q

Negative Feedback Loop (& Example)

A

The diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it

  1. Hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary all sensitive to cortisol
  2. When cortisol levels are too high, these regions shut down cortisol secretion
    i. Hippocampus/Hypothalamus reduces CRH
    ii. Anterior Pituitary secretes less ACTH
  3. When CRH and ACTH are reduced, adrenal glands produce less cortisol

NEUR1202 (2 decks)

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