Midterm

Question 1

What is PARQ

Answer 1

Procedures
Alternatives
Risks
Questions

Question 2

what is CBAN

Answer 2

Cooling
Burning
Aching
Numbness

Question 3

What happens during repair phase?

Answer 3

Structures are rebuilt by regeneration or scar tissue formation.

• granulation tissue formed by activated fibroblasts and macrophages
• endothelial cells produce capillaries that deliver O2 and nutrients for healing
• fibroblasts produce collagen
• granulation tissue eventually becomes mature collagen scar

Question 4

How long does remodeling phase last?

Answer 4

3 weeks - 1+ years

Question 5

Know temps for heat application

Answer 5

40-45˚C (104-113˚F)

Question 6

Know temps for cold application

Answer 6

10-20˚C (50-68˚F)

Question 7

How do you properly apply and insulate each

Answer 7

Cold - need to put barrier between skin and gel pack so it doesn’t freeze to the skin. If its a thick towel, make it damp

Heat - hydrapacks need 1” thickness

Question 8

How does temp affect metabolism?

Answer 8

Cold - decreases

Heat - increases

Question 9

What is Van’t Hoff law?

Answer 9

With every 10˚C increase, the rate of metabolism is doubled or tripled

Question 10

What are the ways heat is transferred?

Answer 10

Conduction - direct transfer

Convection - indirect exchange in gases and liquids

Evaporation - direct transfer of heat to liquid to gas

Question 11

Adverse rxn and overdoses to heat

Answer 11

Erythema ab igne (hot water bottle rash)
Blisters, Burns
Erythema
Increased inflammation
Increased muscle tone and soreness
Increased pain
Increased swelling
Wheal formation
Heat rash, syncope, exhaustion, stroke

Question 12

Why contrast therapy?

Answer 12

Subacute: flush out inflammatory exudates

Chronic: flush out edema

Question 13

Adverse rxn and overdoses to cryotherapy?

Answer 13

Decreased circulation and local metabolism with tissue damage, e.g. frostnip and frostbite
Muscle - decreased skeletal muscle activation, increased tissue stiffness (reduced flexibility and strength).
Increased pain.
Redness and irritation
Transient and reversible neuropathy without axonal damage, e.g. neuropraxia: A complete block of nerve transmission despite intact nerve fibers

Question 14

What creates mechanical effects of US?

Answer 14

During ultrasound, acoustic energy is absorbed in tissues and produces molecular motion

Molecular motion can be converted into heat energy to promote localized thermal bioeffects.

Molecular motion also induces mechanical stress to promote localized nonthermal bioeffects.

Question 15

US settings - intensity

Answer 15

• Acute 0.5-1.0 W/cm2
• Chronic 1.0-1.5
• <0.5 is nonthermal and >0.5 is thermal

Question 16

US settings - frequency

Answer 16

• 1 MHz will go 1-2 inches deep

* 3 MHz will go 0.4-0.8 inches deep SHALLOW

Question 17

US settings - duration

Answer 17

• 1-12 minutes at 1 MHz

* 1-5 minutes at 3 MHz

Question 18

US settings - duty cycle (mode)

Answer 18

• Acute: pulsed (20% duty cycle)

* Chronic: continuous (100%)

Question 19

The size of Tx area should be _______ the ERA

Answer 19

2-3X

Effective Radiating Area

Question 20

Optimal position for traction of cervical spine at C3-C7?

Answer 20

20-30˚ flexion

Question 21

What is phonophoresis?

Answer 21

ultrasound delivers a medication into the tissues

Question 22

What meds can be used in phonophoresis?

Answer 22

over-the-counter (non prescription) anti-inflammatory drugs, including homeopathic ointments, and analgesics

Question 23

What is the difference between Continuous and pulsed US and when do you use each?

Answer 23

• Acute and Subacute = Pulsed US

* Chronic = Continuous US

Question 24

How much weight do you use for lumbar traction?

Answer 24

25-50% of patients body weight

Max 120 lbs

Question 25

What is considered a TRUE mechanical traction modality?

And what is NOT true traction?

Answer 25

Continuous traction, intermittent traction, and sustained traction.

Intermittent intersegmental e.g. Spinalator table. Flexion-distraction (Cox and Leander) is NOT true either

Question 26

What happens when traction is applied with minimal force?

Answer 26

associated muscles elongate, mechanoreceptors are activated, spasms decrease, pain decreases, posture and proprioception improves

Question 27

When using bladder or cushion for US you increase the wattage (AKA intensity) by

Answer 27

0.5 W/cm2

Question 28

What is coherent light wave?

Answer 28

Contains wavelength of single frequency that have a fixed/constant phase between the waves.

So. They can go deeper into tissue because they do not get absorbed as quickly

Question 29

How much weight do you use for cervical traction?

Answer 29

10% of body weight or 25-45 lbs.

Do not exceed 45 pounds

Question 30

What is non-coherent light?

Answer 30

Different frequencies that are out of phase and have random relationships

They get absorbed quickly because they are disorganized

Question 31

What is measure in J/cm2

Answer 31

Laser

Question 32

What kind of laser light gets through the skin to deeper tissues?

Answer 32

Collimated, convergent lights

Question 33

What is lambert’s cosine law?

Answer 33

intensity depends on the angle of application

Question 34

Inverse square law describes the relationship between energy source and distance. What is inverse square law?

Answer 34

When the distance from source to skin is reduced by half, the heating effect is increased by 4.

1/2 reduction = 4X

Question 35

What does FIR mean

Answer 35

Far-infrared

Question 36

What does NIR mean?

Answer 36

Near-infrared

Question 37

Arndt-Schulz rule

Answer 37

More is not better

Small doses stimulate
Moderate doses inhibit
Large doses kill

Question 38

US critical angle

Answer 38

15˚