Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APA Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

pneumonic for cranial nerves

A

On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Good Vehicle Any How

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cranial nerves pneumonic for sensory/motor

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big boobies matters more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Facies of cushings

A

moon face, hirsutism, red cheeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

facies of hyperthyroidism

A

exophthalmos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

facies of graves disease

A

hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

facies of bells palsy

A

U/L facial droop; differentiate between stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

facies of nephrotic syndrome

A

edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

facies of parkinson’s disease

A

masked face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

s/s benign postural vertigo

A

<1 min, nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

s/s vestibular neuronitis

A

hours-weeks, nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

s/s meniere’s dx

A

hours to days, sensory hearing loss, tinnitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

s/s acoustic neuroma

A

gradual/insidious onset, U/L hearing impairment, tinnitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

causes of hypothyroidism

A 
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Sub-acute thyroiditis
Iodine deficiency (rare in US)
Thyroid surgery
Severe Illness
Rx induced: Lithium, amiodarone, sulfonamides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

causes of hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease
Toxic multi-nodular goiter
Toxic adenoma
Exogenous thyroid hormone ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Signs of hypothyroidism

A 
Dry coarse cool skin, hair loss
Periorbital puffiness
Increased diastolic bp
Bradycardia
Mixed hearing loss, somnolence, peripheral  neuropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

signs of hyperthyroidism

A 
Warm, smooth, moist skin
Stare, lid lag, exophthalmos
Tachycardia or a-fib
Increased systolic bp
Hyperdynamic cardiac pulsation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A 
Fatigue, lethargy
Modest weight gain, with anorexia
Dry coarse skin, cold intolerance
Swelling of face, hands, legs
Constipation
Weakness, muscle cramps, arthralgia, impaired memory or concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
Nervousness, palpitations
Weight loss, increased appetite
Excessive sweating, heat intolerance
Frequent bowel movements
Tremor and proximal muscle weakness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Eye emergencies (symptoms)

A

pain, sudden loss of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causes of eye emergencies

A

pain, sudden loss of vision: retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, central retinal artery occlusion, uveitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Characteristics of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

mucopurulent discharge, B/L, highly contagious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Characteristics of allergic conjunctivitis

A

pruritic, seasonal, stringy discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Characteristics of viral conjunctivitis

A

watery discharge, U/L, contagious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Acute iritis is?

A

irregular and small pupil, decreased vision, photophobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

acute iritis causes

A

systemic infection (herpes zoster, TB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tx of acute iritis

A

immediate referral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

pupil size <2

A

miosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

pupil size >5

A

mydriasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Normal fundal exam

A

The optic disc is pink with sharp outline and a cup-to-disc ratio of ~0.30. The vasculature is sharp and clear radiating outward from the disc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How to perform pupillary reflex?

A

shine light on eye in dark room

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

papilledema

A

pink color, disc swollen, raised ICP, “cupping”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

TMJ

A

pain, popping and clicking at the TM joint due to stress, anxiety, or dental malocclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

viral vs allergic rhinitis

A

Viral: mucosa is red/swollen
Allergic: mucus is pale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

describe allergic rhinitis

A

turbinates are pale and boggy, seasonal, rhinorrhea/sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

abnormal lip findings

A

angular cheilitis, angioedema, herpes simplex, carcinomas, lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

disconjugate gaze

A

strabismus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

two types of strabismus

A

esotropia, exotropia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

tonic pupil

A

slow reaction to light and accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

causes of tonic pupil

A

surgery, trauma, idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

AV Nicking, cotton wool spots, red spots

A

diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Abnormal tongue findings

A

Smooth tongue, hairy tongue, candidiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is Temporal arteritis

A

Throbbing pain of temporal artery d/t inflammation; AKA Giant Cell Arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How are tonsils are graded?

A

I-4. 1-2 is normal, 1 = visualized, 4 = touching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

normal lung sound on percussion?

A

resonant

45
Q

lung percussion - sounds with COPD

A

hyperresonant

46
Q

lung percussion - sounds with pneumothorax

A

hyperresonant

47
Q

Lung percussion - sounds with pneumonia

A

dull

48
Q

Lungs - stridor

A

high pitched crowing sound, obstruction, upper airway. Epiglottitis

49
Q

Rhonchi

A

low pitched, snoring like. Suggests secretions in large airway

50
Q

Physical findings of Asthma

A
  • anxious, labored breathing, wheezing
  • decreased TF
  • hyperresonant percussion
  • prolonged expiration/wheezing on auscultation
51
Q

Physical findings of bronchitis

A
  • rasping cough or normal, wheezing
  • normal fremitus, normal resonance
  • normal breath sounds, may have crackles/rhonchi
52
Q

Physical Findings of COPD or chronic bronchitis

A
  • history of sputum
  • exposed to tobacco
  • cough has rattle, fremitus normal/increased
  • hyperresonant percussion
  • auscultation: prolonged expiratory with crackles
53
Q

physical findings of COPD/emphysema

A

increased AP/L diameter, barrel chest, use of accessory muscles

  • TF decreased, expansion decreased
  • hyperresonant
  • breath sounds decreased, crackles, wheezes
54
Q

decreased expansion & TF, dull percussion, decreased breath sounds/crackles

A

atelectesis

55
Q

Increased TF, dull percussion, breath sounds louder so bronchophony, ego are present

A

consolidation

56
Q

Pleural effusion vs pneumothorax similarities

A

absent breath sounds (especially pneumothorax)

57
Q

differences of pleural effusion vs. pneumothorax

A

effusion will be DULL percussion (fluid in lungs) and pneumothorax will be HYPERRESONANT because there’s lots of air

58
Q

Chest pain differential diagnosis

A

CV: MI, Aortic Dissection, Aortic Stenosis, Acute Coronary Syndrome, HOCM, MVP, Myocarditis, Rheumatic Fever
Pulm: Pulmonary Embolism, Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Pulmonary Hypertension, Pleurisy, Asthma
GI: GERD, PUD, Pancreatitis
MSK: Costochondritis
Psych: Anxiety

59
Q

Stable angina

A

Most common symptom - chest pain behind the breastbone or slightly left. Pain begins slowly, gets worse over a few minutes before going away. Occurs with exercise, walking up stairs.

60
Q

Unstable angina

A

chest pain that is sudden and gets worse, last longer than 15-20 min, occurs without cause, does not respond to nitroglycerin, associated with SOB drop in BP.

61
Q

Variant or Prinzmetal’s angina

A

Coronary artery spasm - temporary, sudden narrowing of coronary arteries. May occur at the same time everyday, usually btw 12 mn and 8 am., not usually associated with exercise.

62
Q

Orthopnea

A

Dyspnea that usually occurs soon after the patient lies down is relieved by
sitting up or standing; Two or three pillows at night; Seen in COPD, CHF, Mitral Stenosis/Regurg

63
Q

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

A

Dyspnea after lying down for 1-2 hours. Usually wakes at night dyspneic, not relieved easily after sitting or standing; Seen in early CHF, pulmonary edema, nocturnal asthma attack

64
Q

Causes of dyspnea

A

Left-sided Heart Failure, COPD, Asthma, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary Emboli, Anxiety

65
Q

What is syncope?

A

Temporary loss of consciousness.

66
Q

Causes of syncope

A

Vasovagal Reflex, Arrhythmias, Cardiac Outflow obstruction, MI, Carotid Sinus Syncope, Hypovolemia

67
Q

S3

A

-due to rapid ventricular filling
-After s2 dull, soft, low
-normal in children
“Kentucky”

68
Q

S4

A 
atrial gallop (tennessee)
-before s1
69
Q

Risk factors for CV disease

A

High BP, cholesterol, DM, obesity, smoking, diet, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol

70
Q

Three types of murmurs

A
  1. innocent
  2. physiology - changes
  3. patho- abnormality of the heart
71
Q

innocent heart murmurs

A

low, musical, no symptoms/disease

72
Q

aortic stenosis

A

loud/harsh. Fatigue, dizzy

73
Q

pulmonic stenosis

A

harsh, mid systolic

74
Q

Pansystolic murmur

A

pathologic, (from s1 to s2, throughout, when valve should be closed)

75
Q

mitral regurgitation

A

PANSYSTOLIC, loud, fatigued

76
Q

tricuspid regurg

A

soft. RVH…engorged veins

77
Q

pneumonic for systolic murmurs

A

Mr. PASS MVP

78
Q

pneumonic for diastolic murmurs

A

Ms. Ard

79
Q

Which murmurs are indicative of heart disease

A

diastolic - ms. ard

80
Q

Systolic murmurs

A 
Mr. Pass MVP 
mitral regurg
physiologic
aortic stenosis
systolic
mitral valve prolapse
81
Q

diastolic murmurs

A

Ms. Ard
mitral stenosis
aortic regurgitation
diastolic

82
Q

most common type of murmur

A

mid systolic ejection murmur, start after s1, stop before s2

83
Q

A midsystolic murmur would be __________ while a pansystolic murmur would be ________

A

innocent/pathologic

84
Q

what does pansystolic murmur mean

A

blood flowing when valves should be closed

85
Q

what does midsystolic murmur mean

A

mid = there is a start/stop point

86
Q

How many grades of murmurs are there?

A

I-VI

87
Q

What is the difference between the Mid systolic click and a systolic (or mid-systolic) murmur?

A

Click: mitral valve prolapse as the valve closes and goes backwards. Sharp, high.
Murmur: mid systolic is most common and the click would be heard before it

88
Q

Describe an innocent murmur

A

(musical, disappears when sitting, no heart symptoms)

89
Q

Describe an aortic stenosis murmur

A

(loud, harsh/musical, fatigued patient)

90
Q

Describe a pulmonic stenosis murmur

A

(medium pitch, coarse)

91
Q

Mitral Regurgitation

A

loud, blowing, fatigued patient with palpations

92
Q

Tricuspid Regurgitation

A

soft, blowing. Signs of Right heart failure: increased JVP

93
Q

What would a high pitched scraping sound indicate?

A

Pericardial friction rub

94
Q

What are the 5 P’s and what are they assessed for?

A

Pulseless, pallor, pain, paresthesia, paralysis, for peripheral arterial or vascular disease

95
Q

Signs of PAD?

A

Fatigue, pain on walking, numbness. Poorly healing leg wounds. Abdominal pain after eating. Relative with AAA.
Check pulses, skin, aorta, cap refill
Think - color, pulse, edema, skin….

96
Q

Intermittent claudication is a sign of ?

A

PAD

97
Q

Describe characteristics of a patient with PAD

A

Intermittent claudication, cool legs, hard to feel pulses, wound/ulcer on feet non-healing, pale when elevated, dusky when dangled, atrophic, shiny skin, hair loss.

98
Q

Why is health history important?

A

70-80% of diagnoses can be made based on history alone.

90-100% of diagnoses can be made when the physical exam is added.

99
Q

Is HPI objective or subjective?

A

subjective

100
Q

is ROS objective or subjective?

A

subjective

101
Q

is CC subjective or objective?

A

subjective

102
Q

List the components of the health history

A 
◦ Identifying Data
◦ Chief Complaint
◦ History of Present Illness
◦ Past Medical History
◦ Family History
◦ Personal/Social History (may or may not include genogram)... how does this differ for pediatric or elderly patient?
◦ Review of Systems
103
Q

What are the steps in Clinical Decision Making?

A
  1. Identify the patient problem
  2. Assess: collect history and physical data
  3. Formulate competing diagnoses (differential)
  4. Order diagnostics
  5. Select diagnosis
  6. Develop a treatment plan
  7. Implement and evaluate: Follow Follow-up
104
Q

What are the goals of Motivational Interviewing?

A

Finding out which stage the client is at, and addressing the concerns specific to their stage… utilize scales

Have the client articulate their “pros” and “cons” so they can better process and ultimately resolve the conflict between them.

Empathizing and empowering the client to take steps towards change by affirming their strengths as well as the centrality of their initiative in lasting change

105
Q

What are prochaska and Diclementes stages of change?

A
  1. precontemplation - enter here
  2. contemplation
  3. preparation - temporary exit
  4. action
  5. maintenance - permanent exit
  6. relapse
106
Q

Normal or abnormal?

•Head: normocephalic, atraumatic (NC/AT), no lesions, lumps or infestations, face symmetric, normal hair distribution

A

Normal

107
Q

Normal or abnormal?

•Neck: soft supple, trachea midline, no thyromegaly or enlarged lymph nodes

A

Normal

108
Q

Normal or abnormal?

•Head: bossing (bulging) forehead, prolonged chin, no lesions, lumps or infestations, normal hair distribution

A

abnormal

109
Q

Normal or abnormal?

•Neck: thyroid diffusely enlarged; firm, non-tender and fixed lymph nodes

A

abnormal

APA Midterm (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions