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EPI grad school > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

a descriptive study answers the following questions

A

how much, who, where, when

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2
Q

What patterns or distribution of disease do we expect to see in a city, or state, or country

A

The distribution of disease in unequal

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3
Q

Case control studies are always prospective

A

false

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4
Q

Researchers studied the people of Philly and wanted to know the proportion of children who visited the ED in the last year. What type of study is this

A

cross-sectional

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5
Q

Descriptive studies examine the temporal association between exposure and disease

A

false

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6
Q

The prevalence of disease X went down because

a. increased incidence
b. longer disease duration
c. better treatments and longer survival times
d. Decreased Incidence

A

D

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7
Q

A ratio is the division of a numerator and a denominator that are exclusive of each other (For example: women/men)

A

true

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8
Q

The difference between descriptive and analytic epi is
A. Descriptive studies test hypotheses, analytic studies generate hypotheses
B. Descriptive studies generate hypotheses, analytic studies test hypotheses
C. Both descriptive and analytic studies generate hypotheses

A

B

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9
Q

If there are 600 cases of measles in City A (pop. 10000), and 200 cases of measles in City B (pop. 1000).
A. The prevalence is higher in City A compared to City B
B. The prevalence is higher in City B compared to City A

A

B

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10
Q

Pennsylvania: Death rates in City A were 456 per 100,000. The death rates in
City B were 234 per 100,000. When the rates were age adjusted, death rates in City A
were 335 per 100,00 and 329 per 100,000 in City B
What is the most likely explanation for the difference in death rates?

A. People in city A were younger than in City B
B. People in City A were older than in City B

A

B

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11
Q

Researchers were examining the association between TB and HIV. They had
observed that people with HIV are immunosuppressed and had the tendency to
become co-infected with TB. What is the exposure and what is the outcome?

A. Exposure = HIV, outcome = TB
B. Exposure = TB, outcome = HIV

A

A

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12
Q

Measures of disease comparison are…
A. OR in cohort studies and RR in case-control studies
B. Cumulative incidence and incidence rate
C. Odds and prevalence
D. OR in case-control studies and RR in cohort studies

A

D

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13
Q

You calculate case fatality rates when you want to know how many people
who got sick died from that disease

A

true

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14
Q

If OR = 2.3, the interpretation is…
A. The risk of developing disease among the exposed is 2.3 times the risk of developing disease among
the unexposed
B. The risk of developing disease among the exposed is 2.3 times higher than the risk of developing
disease among the unexposed
C. The odds of being a case among the exposed is 2.3 times the odds of being a case among the
unexposed
D. The odds of being a case among the exposed is 2.3 times more than the the odds of being a case
among the unexposed
E. The odds of developing disease among the exposed is 2.3 times the odds of developing disease
among the unexposed

A

C

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15
Q

What is a strength for case report and series

A

previously unknown association between exposure and outcome

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16
Q

What is a weakness of case report and series

A

no way to gain evidence of causes

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17
Q

What is a strength of cross-sectional study

A

data available on individual level

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18
Q

what is a weakness of cross-sectional study

A

cannot identify causality

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19
Q

In a cross-sectional study what type of rate do you ALWAYS use

A

prevalence rate A/A+B

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20
Q

What is a strength of an ecological study

A

easy and inexpensive

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21
Q

What is a weakness of an ecological study

A

ecological fallacy- cannot assume that relationship observed at a population level occurs among individuals

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22
Q

What are the descriptive studyes

A

Case report and series, cross-sectional, ecological

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23
Q

What are the strengths of a case control study

A

good for rare diseases

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24
Q

what is a weakness for a case-control study

A

recall bias

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25
What ratio do we use for case control studies
odds ratio
26
Is a case control retrospective or prospective
retrospective
27
What type of study is a cohort
retrospective and prospective
28
What is a strength of a cohort study
can study multiple outcomes
29
What is a weakness of cohort study
Need a large sample
30
what is the odds ratio
(a/b) / (b/c) (a/c) / (b/d) ad / bc
31
What studies are included in analytical studies
Cohort, Case-control
32
What rates do you use for cohort
CI, RR
33
What is the CI formula
CI of exposed A/A+B | CI of unexposed C/C+D
34
What is the RR formula
CI among exposed/ CI among unexposed
35
How do you explain a RR result
Those with E+ had (RR) times the risk of developing D+ compared to those who were E-
36
What is different within a case control 2x2 table
D+ = Case D- = Control
37
How do you interpret OR
The Odds of being a case among the E+ are (2.97 times) then the odds of being a case among E-
38
OR = 1 is
then the odds of disease/case are the same in E+ and E-
39
OR > 1
the odds of exposed cause more disease than of those unexposed
40
OR < 1
the E+ didn't lead to more disease | Odds of disease in E- is greater than those of E+
41
CI is done within what type of population
Closed
42
ID is done within what type of population
dynamic
43
what is the ID or IR rate
of new cases/ person-time of observation
44
What is the definition of Epidemiology
the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations and its appication to prevent disease
45
what are the types of epidemiology
Descriptive and analytic
46
What is Descriptive Epi
Defines frequency and distribution of diseases and other health related events
47
What is analytic Epi
analyzes determinants of health problems
48
what questions does analytic epi answer
how? why?
49
prevalence includes what types of cases
new and existing
50
what are the types of prevalnce
point and period
51
what is the definition of point and period prevalence
prevalence at a certain point or brief time period. Period: prevalence over a defined time period
52
Why do we use adjusted rates
1. Need to standardize measures of disease occurrence in order to compare across populations and across time
53
what is analyzed in analytical epi
Hypothesis | Exposure to outcome
54
What are the types of analytic epi studies
Obervational- Case control and cohort | Experimental- RCT's
55
describe a Case-control study
groups of individuals selected in terms of whether they or do not have outcome of interest 2. Compared retrospectively
56
Describe a cohort study
1. Individuals selected based on their exposure | 2. Incidence of outcomes over time is assessed
57
when are case-control studies conducted
The outcome of interest is rare The time lag between exposure and disease is long The underlying population is hard to track You are interested in multiple causes of a single outcome There is a need to conduct analytical research to better understand associations between exposure and health condition Funding is limited
58
why choose prospective studies
More control over cohort selection, exposure measurement, follow-up procedures, and outcome measurement Greater ability to account for other variables (i.e. cofounders)
59
why choose retrospective
Faster and less expensive | Existing records available to reconstruct the cohort, assess exposure history, and assess outcomes
60
When are cohort studies done
There is a need to address important research gaps in understanding associations between exposure and health condition Significant resources are available The interval between the exposure and the development of the outcome is short The exposure is rare and the outcome is relatively common among exposed
61
selectin for a cohort study
1. You have your source population 2. you take a sample which is your cohort 3. then you find results and make inferences
62
how do you select individuals for case- control study
select cases and controls and look at exposure for disease. select individuals based on outcome - disease - no disease
63
how do you select/ conduct a cross-sectional study
- indiv not pre-selected based on their exposure or outcomes - E w/ D - E w/o D - UE w/ D - UE w/o D
64
what is person, place, time
Descriptive Person- sex, age, race/ethnicity, SES Place- international, regional, localized, urban/rural WHERE Time- when and over what time period
65
What are the different ways TIME can happen
Secular trend- huge change over time Cyclical/ seasonal- flu (winter) Point epidemics- flu at temple clustering- source causing asthma
66
what factors increase prevalence
•Longer disease duration•Better treatments (longer survival time)•Increased incidence•In-migration of cases•Out-migration of non-cases•Improved case identification/disease
67
What factors decrease prevalence
•Shorter disease duration•Shorter survival time with disease•Decreased incidence•In-migration of non-cases•Out-migration of cases•Reduced disease detection
68
what is the definition of endemic
the usual or constant presence of a disease in a geographic area or population
69
what is the definition of epidemic
the occurrence in a population of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy
70
What is the definition of pandemic
an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people
71
types of determinants
``` Biological Chemical Behavioral Social Genetic ```

EPI grad school (1 decks)

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