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EPI grad school > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

a descriptive study answers the following questions

A

how much, who, where, when

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2
Q

What patterns or distribution of disease do we expect to see in a city, or state, or country

A

The distribution of disease in unequal

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3
Q

Case control studies are always prospective

A

false

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4
Q

Researchers studied the people of Philly and wanted to know the proportion of children who visited the ED in the last year. What type of study is this

A

cross-sectional

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5
Q

Descriptive studies examine the temporal association between exposure and disease

A

false

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6
Q

The prevalence of disease X went down because

a. increased incidence
b. longer disease duration
c. better treatments and longer survival times
d. Decreased Incidence

A

D

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7
Q

A ratio is the division of a numerator and a denominator that are exclusive of each other (For example: women/men)

A

true

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8
Q

The difference between descriptive and analytic epi is
A. Descriptive studies test hypotheses, analytic studies generate hypotheses
B. Descriptive studies generate hypotheses, analytic studies test hypotheses
C. Both descriptive and analytic studies generate hypotheses

A

B

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9
Q

If there are 600 cases of measles in City A (pop. 10000), and 200 cases of measles in City B (pop. 1000).
A. The prevalence is higher in City A compared to City B
B. The prevalence is higher in City B compared to City A

A

B

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10
Q

Pennsylvania: Death rates in City A were 456 per 100,000. The death rates in
City B were 234 per 100,000. When the rates were age adjusted, death rates in City A
were 335 per 100,00 and 329 per 100,000 in City B
What is the most likely explanation for the difference in death rates?

A. People in city A were younger than in City B
B. People in City A were older than in City B

A

B

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11
Q

Researchers were examining the association between TB and HIV. They had
observed that people with HIV are immunosuppressed and had the tendency to
become co-infected with TB. What is the exposure and what is the outcome?

A. Exposure = HIV, outcome = TB
B. Exposure = TB, outcome = HIV

A

A

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12
Q

Measures of disease comparison are…
A. OR in cohort studies and RR in case-control studies
B. Cumulative incidence and incidence rate
C. Odds and prevalence
D. OR in case-control studies and RR in cohort studies

A

D

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13
Q

You calculate case fatality rates when you want to know how many people
who got sick died from that disease

A

true

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14
Q

If OR = 2.3, the interpretation is…
A. The risk of developing disease among the exposed is 2.3 times the risk of developing disease among
the unexposed
B. The risk of developing disease among the exposed is 2.3 times higher than the risk of developing
disease among the unexposed
C. The odds of being a case among the exposed is 2.3 times the odds of being a case among the
unexposed
D. The odds of being a case among the exposed is 2.3 times more than the the odds of being a case
among the unexposed
E. The odds of developing disease among the exposed is 2.3 times the odds of developing disease
among the unexposed

A

C

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15
Q

What is a strength for case report and series

A

previously unknown association between exposure and outcome

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16
Q

What is a weakness of case report and series

A

no way to gain evidence of causes

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17
Q

What is a strength of cross-sectional study

A

data available on individual level

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18
Q

what is a weakness of cross-sectional study

A

cannot identify causality

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19
Q

In a cross-sectional study what type of rate do you ALWAYS use

A

prevalence rate A/A+B

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20
Q

What is a strength of an ecological study

A

easy and inexpensive

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21
Q

What is a weakness of an ecological study

A

ecological fallacy- cannot assume that relationship observed at a population level occurs among individuals

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22
Q

What are the descriptive studyes

A

Case report and series, cross-sectional, ecological

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23
Q

What are the strengths of a case control study

A

good for rare diseases

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24
Q

what is a weakness for a case-control study

A

recall bias

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25
Q

What ratio do we use for case control studies

A

odds ratio

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26
Q

Is a case control retrospective or prospective

A

retrospective

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27
Q

What type of study is a cohort

A

retrospective and prospective

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28
Q

What is a strength of a cohort study

A

can study multiple outcomes

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29
Q

What is a weakness of cohort study

A

Need a large sample

30
Q

what is the odds ratio

A

(a/b) / (b/c)
(a/c) / (b/d)
ad / bc

31
Q

What studies are included in analytical studies

A

Cohort, Case-control

32
Q

What rates do you use for cohort

A

CI, RR

33
Q

What is the CI formula

A

CI of exposed A/A+B

CI of unexposed C/C+D

34
Q

What is the RR formula

A

CI among exposed/ CI among unexposed

35
Q

How do you explain a RR result

A

Those with E+ had (RR) times the risk of developing D+ compared to those who were E-

36
Q

What is different within a case control 2x2 table

A

D+ = Case D- = Control

37
Q

How do you interpret OR

A

The Odds of being a case among the E+ are (2.97 times) then the odds of being a case among E-

38
Q

OR = 1 is

A

then the odds of disease/case are the same in E+ and E-

39
Q

OR > 1

A

the odds of exposed cause more disease than of those unexposed

40
Q

OR < 1

A

the E+ didn’t lead to more disease

Odds of disease in E- is greater than those of E+

41
Q

CI is done within what type of population

A

Closed

42
Q

ID is done within what type of population

A

dynamic

43
Q

what is the ID or IR rate

A

of new cases/ person-time of observation

44
Q

What is the definition of Epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations and its appication to prevent disease

45
Q

what are the types of epidemiology

A

Descriptive and analytic

46
Q

What is Descriptive Epi

A

Defines frequency and distribution of diseases and other health related events

47
Q

What is analytic Epi

A

analyzes determinants of health problems

48
Q

what questions does analytic epi answer

A

how? why?

49
Q

prevalence includes what types of cases

A

new and existing

50
Q

what are the types of prevalnce

A

point and period

51
Q

what is the definition of point and period prevalence

A

prevalence at a certain point or brief time period.

Period: prevalence over a defined time period

52
Q

Why do we use adjusted rates

A
  1. Need to standardize measures of disease occurrence in order to compare across populations and across time
53
Q

what is analyzed in analytical epi

A

Hypothesis

Exposure to outcome

54
Q

What are the types of analytic epi studies

A

Obervational- Case control and cohort

Experimental- RCT’s

55
Q

describe a Case-control study

A

groups of individuals selected in terms of whether they or do not have outcome of interest
2. Compared retrospectively

56
Q

Describe a cohort study

A
  1. Individuals selected based on their exposure

2. Incidence of outcomes over time is assessed

57
Q

when are case-control studies conducted

A

The outcome of interest is rare
The time lag between exposure and disease is long
The underlying population is hard to track
You are interested in multiple causes of a single outcome
There is a need to conduct analytical research to better understand associations between exposure and health condition
Funding is limited

58
Q

why choose prospective studies

A

More control over cohort selection, exposure measurement, follow-up procedures, and outcome measurement
Greater ability to account for other variables (i.e. cofounders)

59
Q

why choose retrospective

A

Faster and less expensive

Existing records available to reconstruct the cohort, assess exposure history, and assess outcomes

60
Q

When are cohort studies done

A

There is a need to address important research gaps in understanding associations between exposure and health condition
Significant resources are available
The interval between the exposure and the development of the outcome is short
The exposure is rare and the outcome is relatively common among exposed

61
Q

selectin for a cohort study

A
  1. You have your source population
  2. you take a sample which is your cohort
  3. then you find results and make inferences
62
Q

how do you select individuals for case- control study

A

select cases and controls and look at exposure for disease.

select individuals based on outcome

  • disease
  • no disease
63
Q

how do you select/ conduct a cross-sectional study

A
  • indiv not pre-selected based on their exposure or outcomes
  • E w/ D
  • E w/o D
  • UE w/ D
  • UE w/o D
64
Q

what is person, place, time

A

Descriptive
Person- sex, age, race/ethnicity, SES
Place- international, regional, localized, urban/rural WHERE
Time- when and over what time period

65
Q

What are the different ways TIME can happen

A

Secular trend- huge change over time
Cyclical/ seasonal- flu (winter)
Point epidemics- flu at temple
clustering- source causing asthma

66
Q

what factors increase prevalence

A

•Longer disease duration•Better treatments (longer survival time)•Increased incidence•In-migration of cases•Out-migration of non-cases•Improved case identification/disease

67
Q

What factors decrease prevalence

A

•Shorter disease duration•Shorter survival time with disease•Decreased incidence•In-migration of non-cases•Out-migration of cases•Reduced disease detection

68
Q

what is the definition of endemic

A

the usual or constant presence of a disease in a geographic area or population

69
Q

what is the definition of epidemic

A

the occurrence in a population of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

70
Q

What is the definition of pandemic

A

an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people

71
Q

types of determinants

A 
Biological
Chemical
Behavioral
Social
Genetic

EPI grad school (1 decks)

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