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Public Health 101 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is an approach included in population health?

a. Use of the healthcare delivery system focused on individuals
b. Use of traditional public health focused on populations
c. Use of social policy interventions
d. All of these are correct.

A

d. all of these are correct

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2
Q

Which of the following is not true of the history of public health?

a. Public health interventions date back to the earliest recorded civilizations.
b. Public health as a defined field dates back to the Renaissance.
c. Public health was regarded as the safety net for health services for much of the last half of the 20th century in the United States.
d. The germ theory of disease had a major impact on public health in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A

b. Public health as a defined field dates back to the Renaissance.

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3
Q

Which public health strategy for reducing risk factors related to disease best explains the following example: High blood pressure is reduced by adding a new salt substitute to a range of foods?

Reducing the high risk
Improving the average risk
Narrowing the spread of the risk
None of these is correct.

A

Improving the average risk

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4
Q

Which public health strategy for reducing risk factors related to disease best explains the following example: Those with blood sugar levels that satisfy the criteria for diabetes are aggressively treated?

Reducing the high risk
Reducing the average risk
Narrowing the spread of the risk
None of these is correct.

A

Reducing the high risk

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5
Q

Which public health strategy for reducing risk factors related to disease best explains the following example: Higher smoke stacks are used to more widely disperse air pollution from a factory?

Reducing the high risk
Reducing the average risk
Narrowing the spread of the risk
None of these is correct.

A

Narrowing the spread of the risk

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6
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the determinants of health?

Determinants of health reflect underlying forces that are at work in the subsequent development of disease.

Each determinant can usually be traced to specific diseases.

One determinant is operating to bring about each disease.

If a pathogenic organism can be shown to cause a disease, no other determinants are relevant.

A

Determinants of health reflect underlying forces that are at work in the subsequent development of disease.`

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7
Q

Which determinant is best associated with the following: The highest risk of HIV transmission through the sexual route is through anal intercourse?

Behavior
Geography
Socioeconomic
Genetics

A

Behavior

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8
Q

Which determinant is best associated with the following: The risk of HIV transmission is increased in locations where the chance that an individual is HIV positive is higher than in suburban and rural areas?

Behavior
Geography
Socioeconomic
Genetics

A

Geography

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9
Q

Which determinant is best associated with the following: A small proportion of individuals do not develop active HIV infection despite repeated unprotected sexual exposure?

Behavior
Geography
Socioeconomic
Genetics

A

Genetics

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10
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate statement of public health?

Vulnerable populations are the focus of public health.

The mutual concerns of the entire population are the focus of public health.

Vulnerable populations and the mutual concerns of the entire population are the focus of public health.

Neither vulnerable populations nor the mutual concerns of the entire population are the focus of public health.

A

Vulnerable populations and the mutual concerns of the entire population are the focus of public health.

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11
Q

An association between populations that eat more fish and a lower mortality rate from coronary heart disease in the same population would establish which of the following?

A group association that may be helpful in generating a hypothesis about the relationship between fish consumption and coronary heart disease.

An individual association establishing that eating fish is associated with coronary artery disease.

A cause and effect relationship between fish consumption and coronary heart disease.

None of these is correct.

A

A group association that may be helpful in generating a hypothesis about the relationship between fish consumption and coronary heart disease.

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12
Q

Which of the following ancillary or supportive criteria is addressed in this statement: The relative risk or odds ratio for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and infants who sleep prone is approximately 6?

Strength of the association
Dose–response relationship
Consistency
Biological plausibility

A

Strength of the association

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13
Q

Which of the following ancillary or supportive criteria is addressed in this statement: Infants who are put to bed prone less than half the time have an increased incidence of SIDS compared to those who are never put to bed prone. Those who are always put to bed prone have an increased incidence of SIDS compared to those who are put to bed prone less than half the time?

Strength of the association
Dose–response relationship
Consistency
Biological plausibility

A

Dose–response relationship

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14
Q

Which of the following ancillary or supportive criteria is addressed in this statement: The mechanism that predisposes some infants to SIDS is unknown, but active research is beginning to identify predisposing factors related to brain development?

Strength of the association
Dose–response relationship
Consistency
Biological plausibility

A

Biological plausibility

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15
Q

Which of the following roles does a case-control study primarily play in establishing contributory cause?

Group association
Individual association
Cause precedes the effect
Altering the cause alters the effect

A

Individual association

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16
Q

Which of the following roles does a cohort study primarily play in establishing contributory cause?

Group association
Individual association
Cause precedes the effect
Altering the cause alters the effect

A

Cause precedes the effect

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17
Q

Which of the following roles does a population comparison or ecological study primarily play in establishing contributory cause?

Group association
Individual association
Cause precedes the effect
Altering the cause alters the effect

A

Group association

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18
Q

Which of the following roles does a natural experiment primarily play in establishing contributory cause?

Group association
Individual association
Cause precedes the effect
Altering the cause alters the effect

A

Altering the cause alters the effect

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19
Q

The statement “Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the most common cause of death between age 1 month and 1 year. Twenty years ago, it resulted in over 5,000 deaths per year” is best described as which component of the evidence-based public health approach?

Problem description
Etiology
Recommendations
Implementation and evaluation

A

Problem description

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20
Q

Which of the following is true of a primary intervention?

It may be accomplished by preventing exposure through creation of barriers.

It may be accomplished by increasing resistance to the condition.

It may be accomplished by removing the presence of the cause.

All of these are correct.

A

All of these are correct.

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21
Q

If vaccination for meningococcal meningitis is required of all entering college students, this would be an example of which type of intervention?

  Primary intervention—education 
  Primary intervention—obligation 
  Secondary intervention—education 
  Secondary intervention—motivation 
  Tertiary intervention—education 
  Tertiary intervention—obligation
A

Primary intervention—obligation

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22
Q

If an asymptomatic patient older than 50 years is offered a test to detect colon cancer, which, if completed, will reduce the cost of his or her health insurance, this would be an example of which type of intervention?

  Primary intervention—education 
  Primary intervention—obligation 
  Secondary intervention—education 
  Secondary intervention—motivation 
  Tertiary intervention—education 
  Tertiary intervention—obligation
A

Secondary intervention—motivation

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23
Q

Educating your members of Congress about the latest information in the world of public health is critical to
ensuring that health-related legislation is based on the most rigorous and current scientific evidence.

True
False

A

True

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24
Q

A local convenience store is fined on the basis of state law for selling cigarettes to minors. This is an example of which of the following principles of U.S. health law?

Police powers allow states to pass legislation and take actions to protect the common good.

The Interstate Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution has been used as a basis for justifying federal action in the area of health.

A provision of international law does not apply in the United States unless United States law incorporates the provision such as ratification of a treaty by the United States Congress.

A

Police powers allow states to pass legislation and take actions to protect the common good.

25
Q

A World Health Organization document that attempts to restrict advertising of cigarettes is ignored by tobacco companies in the United States. This is an example of which of the following principles of U.S. health law?

Police powers allow states to pass legislation and take actions to protect the common good.

The Interstate Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution has been used as a basis for justifying federal action in the area of health.

A provision of international law does not apply in the United States unless United States law incorporates the provision such as ratification of a treaty by the United States Congress.

A

A provision of international law does not apply in the United States unless United States law incorporates the provision such as ratification of a treaty by the United States Congress.

26
Q

Tobacco products are regulated on the basis that they are manufactured in one state and sold throughout the country. This is an example of which of the following principles of U.S. health law?

Police powers allow states to pass legislation and take actions to protect the common good.

The Interstate Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution has been used as a basis for justifying federal action in the area of health.

A provision of international law does not apply in the United States unless United States law incorporates the provision such as ratification of a treaty by the United States Congress.

A

The Interstate Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution has been used as a basis for justifying federal action in the area of health

27
Q

If Congress authorizes funds for the states to build highways contingent on passage of state law raising the drinking age to 21, this would be an example of which type of law?

Constitutional law
Legislative statute
Administrative regulation
Judicial law/case law

A

Legislative statute

28
Q

If the Department of Health and Human Services writes a series of rules to implement a recently passed bill designed to ensure the safety of newly approved drugs, this would be an example of which type of law?

Constitutional law
Legislative statute
Administrative regulation
Judicial law/case law

A

Administrative regulation

29
Q

If a state court rules that state law permits a resident physician to testify in a malpractice suit to provide information on the expectations of clinical practice in his future specialty, this would be an example of which type of law?

Constitutional law
Legislative statute
Administrative regulation
Judicial law/case law

A

Judicial law/case law

30
Q

Which of the following principles reflects the concept of market justice?

Individuals are primarily responsible for their own health.

Health care is not a right.

Health care is most efficiently provided through the private sector.

All of these are correct.

A

All of these are correct.

31
Q

All of the following protections are provided to research subjects, except:

review of the research protocol by an institutional review board to determine whether it is acceptable for an individual to consent to participate.

an informed consent process designed to ensure that participants understand the potential benefits and harms as well as the process that will occur.

the right to withdraw from the research at any time and for any reason.

the right to be informed of the treatment to which they have been assigned before beginning the treatment.

A

the right to be informed of the treatment to which they have been assigned before beginning the treatment.

32
Q

Which of the following represents the status of a right to health care in the United States?

The United States, like most countries, has accepted a right to health care.

The United States Supreme Court has found a right to health care in the United States Constitution.

The United States Congress, through legislation, has established a right to health care under specific circumstances, such as access to emergency care.

The right to health care is accepted in the United States as a result of participation in the World Health Organization.

A

The United States Congress, through legislation, has established a right to health care under specific circumstances, such as access to emergency care.

33
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about Health in All Policies?

Health in All Policies implies that health officials should take the lead in making all public policies.

Health in All Policies implies that health- and non-health-related agencies of government should be merged.

Health in All Policies implies that the health consequences should be considered in the making all public policies.

Health in All Polices implies that health is the only outcome that should be considered in making public policy.

A

Health in All Policies implies that the health consequences should be considered in the making all public policies.

34
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about International Health Regulations?

Changes in International Health Regulations have occurred every few years

The ability to declare a public health emergency of international concern is an important authority of the Director of the World Health Organization

International Health Regulations are directed exclusively at communicable diseases.

The International Health Regulations are credited with successfully addressing the Ebola epidemic of 2014–2015.

A

The ability to declare a public health emergency of international concern is an important authority of the Director of the World Health Organization

35
Q

Which of the following is true of behavioral change?

Peer and/or family support is helpful in achieving behavioral change.

All of these are correct.

Population-wide efforts are most effective when they complement other efforts aimed at individual behavioral change.

Positive feedback is important for successful behavioral change.

A

All of these are correct.

36
Q

__________ is the stage of behavioral change where an individual realizes that she needs to lose weight to reduce her chances of developing diabetes, but she is not yet ready to start a diet.

  Action 
  Preparation 
  Maintenance 
  Precontemplation 
  Contemplation
A

Contemplation

37
Q

_______________ is the stage of behavioral change where individual decides that he will start a diet right after the holidays and announces his plan to his family and friends.

  Preparation 
  Action 
  Precontemplation 
  Maintenance 
  Contemplation
A

Preparation

38
Q

When an individual has lost 15 pounds and participates in a regular exercise program to keep the weight off, he or she can be said to be in the ____________ stage of behavioral change.

  precontemplation 
  action 
  contemplation 
  preparation 
  maintenance
A

maintenance

39
Q

In West Virginia, residents reported an average of 10 unhealthy days in the past 30 days. In North Dakota, residents reported an average of 4 unhealthy days in that same period. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

None of these is correct.

The Gini index in North Dakota is higher than the Gini index in West Virginia
.
The Gini indices in West Virginia and North Dakota are the same.

The Gini index in West Virginia is higher than the Gini index in North Dakota.

A

The Gini index in West Virginia is higher than the Gini index in North Dakota.

40
Q

Which of the following best describes the contributions of social sciences to public health?

Public health can be viewed as an application of many of the social sciences.

The relationship between social sciences and public health is a recent development.

Public health is a quantitative discipline, while social sciences are qualitative.

Public health rarely utilizes social sciences.

A

Public health can be viewed as an application of many of the social sciences.

41
Q

Which of the following is not included in the definition of socioeconomic status as used in the United States?

Professional job status
Education
Social class
Family income

A

Social class

42
Q

Which of the following types of behaviors is typically easiest to change?

Long-standing behaviors accompanied by physical addiction

New behaviors that can be substituted with an alternative that satisfies short-term needs

New behaviors that satisfy short-term needs

Long-standing behaviors that provide short term satisfaction

A

New behaviors that can be substituted with an alternative that satisfies short-term needs

43
Q

Which of the following influences on health is the strongest in the following example: Those who have completed the fewest grades of formal education have an increased risk of developing tuberculosis?

Religious
Cultural
Socioeconomic

A

Socioeconomic

44
Q

Which of the following influences on health is the strongest in the following example: An ethnic group’s practice of cooking with a large amount of salt is associated with increased blood pressure and strokes?

Cultural
Religious
Socioeconomic

A

Cultural

45
Q

The annual National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (QDR) is mandated by Congress to provide a comprehensive overview of the quality of health care received by the general U.S. population and disparities in care experienced by different racial and socioeconomic groups. The report assesses (more than one):

the performance of our health care system

identifies disparities for access to health care and quality of health care

identifies areas of strengths and weaknesses

A

the performance of our health care system

identifies disparities for access to health care and quality of health care

identifies areas of strengths and weaknesses

46
Q

All of the following characterize the Flexner era in medical education, except:

medical schools developed a relatively standardized four-year curriculum.

the medical school curriculum was divided into basic sciences during the first two years and clinical experiences during the third and fourth years.

prevention and public health were important components of the curriculum.

hospital rotations in specialty areas were the focus of the clinical experience.

A

prevention and public health were important components of the curriculum.

47
Q

Which of the following is true of nurses?

Registered nurses (RNs) require a bachelor’s degree in all states.

The increasing number of candidates taking the examination to become certified as registered nurses each year in the United States will eliminate the shortage in a few years.

The number of nurse practitioners is decreasing.

Nurse practitioners are always required to function under the authority of physicians.

None of these is correct.

A

None of these is correct.

48
Q

Which of the following is true of primary care in the United States?

It is delivered almost entirely by physicians.

Physicians who deliver primary care must have an MD degree.

Physicians who deliver primary care in the United States must have graduated from an accredited medical school in the United States.

There are approximately two specialty physicians for every primary care physician in the United States.

None of these is correct.

A

There are approximately two specialty physicians for every primary care physician in the United States.

49
Q

______________ is a process applied to educational institutions and healthcare institutions to define and enforce required structures, processes, and outcomes.

Licensure
Certification
Accreditation

A

Accreditation

50
Q

All of the following are true of hospitals in the United States, except:

the average length of stay has declined substantially in recent decades.

the percentage of hospital services provided to outpatients has increased substantially in recent decades.

hospitals receive a greater percentage of the healthcare dollar than any other healthcare institution.

hospitals are owned and operated as governmental or not-for-profit institutions, but they are not owned by for-profit corporations.

A

hospitals are owned and operated as governmental or not-for-profit institutions, but they are not owned by for-profit corporations.

51
Q

The electrical system in a hospital operating room is checked regularly to avoid sparks that could set off a fire or explosion. This is an example of which type of quality assurance?

Structure
Process
Outcome

A

Structure

52
Q

Hospital documentation for disclosure of medical errors is used as a measurement to monitor the quality of care. This is an example of which type of quality assurance?

Structure
Process
Outcome

A

Process

53
Q

Which of the following is required to establish medical malpractice?

  Duty 
  Breach of duty 
  Breach was the proximal cause of injury 
  Damages 
  All of these are correct.
A

All of these are correct.

54
Q

Which of the following is not true of nonprofit community health centers that qualify for federal support under a “330 grant”?

Must be located in a federally designated, medically underserved area (MUA) or serve a federally designated, medically underserved population (MUP)

Must provide comprehensive primary healthcare services, referrals, and other services needed to facilitate access to care, such as case management, translation, and transportation

Must have a governing board, the minority of whose members are patients of the health center

Must provide services to all in the service area regardless of ability to pay and offer a sliding fee schedule that adjusts according to family income

A

Must have a governing board, the minority of whose members are patients of the health center

55
Q

______________ is a federal program for the elderly that covers hospital services.

  Medicare Part A 
  Medicare Part B 
  Medicaid 
  Federal Employees Health Insurance Program 
  State Child Health Insurance Program
A

Medicare Part A

56
Q

_______________ is a joint federal–state program that covers mothers with low incomes and their children.

  Medicare Part A 
  Medicare Part B 
  Medicaid 
  Federal Employees Health Insurance Program 
  State Child Health Insurance Program
A

Medicaid

57
Q

Which of the following is true of the employment-based health insurance system in the United States?

The largest number of Americans is covered by health insurance obtained through employment.

Large employers generally offer a choice of health plans.

Comprehensive plans often include deductibles and copayments.

All of these are correct.

A

All of these are correct.

58
Q

Which of the following is true of Medicare Part D?

There are no monthly premiums.

Drugs are generally provided without copayments.

There is a wide variety of plans providing a range of benefits at a range of costs.

All enrollees will obtain benefits greater than the cost of enrollment.

A

There is a wide variety of plans providing a range of benefits at a range of costs.

59
Q

What which of the following is not a likely consequence of being uninsured in the United States?

Health care is often delivered too late.
Health care is often incomplete.
Emergency care is not available.
All of these are likely consequences.

A

Emergency care is not available.

Public Health 101 (1 decks)

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