Midterm Flashcards
what are contraindications to cryotherapy?
(1) Cold sensitivity / intolerance (cold urticaria, cryoglobulinemia, Raynaud’s phenomenon, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria)
(2) compromised circulation
(3) peripheral vascular disease
(4) areas of nerve regeneration
(5) pregnancy (L/S and abdominal region)
what are precautions to cryotherapy?
(1) HTN
(2) aversion to cold
(3) thermoregulatory disorders
(4) over superficial nerves
(5) open wounds
(6) areas of poor sensation
(7) poor cognition
(8) very young or very old
why can cryotherapy cause an increased BP?
causes local vasoconstriction of the arterioles which can increased BP
what temperature should a cold pack be at for cryotherapy treatment? what should the total treatment time be?
(1) <32 degrees
(2) 20-30 minutes
what temperature should the water be in a cold compression device for cryotherapy treatment? what should the total treatment time be?
(1) 50 degrees
(2) 10-20 minutes
what temperature should the water be for a cold whirlpool for cryotherapy treatment? what should the total treatment time be?
(1) extremity: 50-65 degrees
(2) whole body: 65-80 degrees
(3) 10-20 minutes
what temperature should an ice massage be for cryotherapy treatment? what should the total treatment time be?
(1) <32 degrees
(2) 5-10 minutes
what temperature should an ice bag be at for cryotherapy treatment? what should the total treatment time be?
(1) <32 degrees
(2) 20-30 minutes
how should vapocoolant spray be applied for cryotherapy treatment?
3-5 slow sweeps; held 12 inches away when applying
what are contraindications to therapeutic heat?
(1) decreased sensation to heat
(2) vascular insufficiency
(3) hemorrhage
(4) burns
(5) infection / open wounds / inflammation
(6) cancer
(7) areas where biofreeze agents were recently applied
(8) pregnancy
(9) skin rashes / recent grafts (for paraffin)
what are precautions to cryotherapy?
(1) impaired circulation
(2) thermoregulatory diseases
(3) DVT
(4) subacute / chronic edema
(5) scar tissue and recently healed wound (paraffin)
(6) impaired cognition
(7) very young / very old
how many layers are required for a MHP? what should the hydrocollator temperature be set at?
(1) 6-8 layers PRONE (towel counts as one layer, thick wrap counts as two)
8-10 layers SUPINE
(2) 158-167 degrees
how many layers of paraffin wax should be applied for treatment? what temperature should the wax be set at?
(1) 8-10 layers
(2) 113-129 degrees
what temperature should the water be for a warm whirlpool for a theraputic heat treatment?
102-118 degrees
what are contraindications to compression?
(1) acute pulmonary edema
(2) CHF
(3) recent or acute DVT
(4) acute fracture
(5) uncontrolled HTN
what are precautions to compression?
(1) recent skin graft
(2) acute local dermatological infections
(3) impaired sensation
(4) cognitive impairment
what are the two main types of compression?
(1) elastic wraps
2) intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC
what parameters should be followed for the use of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC)?
(1) 30-70 mmHg (40-50 mmHg more common in clinic)
(2) 1:1 inflation to deflation ratio
(3) 20-60 minutes of total treatment time
what amount of poundage should be used to cervical traction treatment? what degree if cervical flexion should be used?
(1) 10-25 lbs
(2) C1-C2: 0-5 degrees
(3) C3-C4: 10-20 degrees
(4) C5-C7: 25-30 degrees
how long should traction treatment be applied for static and intermittent interventions?
(1) static: 5-8 minutes
2) intermittent: 10-20 minutes (1:1 ratio
what conditions would static treatment using traction be optimal?
(1) HNP
(2) muscle hypertonicity
what conditions would intermittent treatment using traction be optimal?
(1) stenosis
(2) DDD
(3) facet joint hypomobility
what amount of poundage should be used to lumbar traction treatment?
1/3 to 1/2 the patient’s body weight
what are contraindications to traction?
(1) acute C/S trauma (whiplash)
(2) connective tissue diseases
(3) rheumatological disorders (ex. RA)
(4) joint instability
(5) ankylosing spondylitis
(6) osteoporosis / penia
(7) hx of steroid use
(8) post surgical stabilization or decompression, spine implants (discs)
(9) pregnancy (L/S)
(10) spinal malignancies
(11) non-mechanical pain
what are precautions to traction?
(1) claustrophobia
(2) COPD
(3) pregnancy (C/S)
why is cervical traction a precaution for pregnant women?
during pregnancy, the relaxin hormone is prevalent causing significant ligament laxity
what are contraindications to ultrasound?
(1) cancer
(2) pregnancy / reproductive organs
(3) anterior neck
(4) myositis ossificans
(5) DVT / thrombophlebitis
(6) pacemaker
(7) impaired sensation
(8) acute skin injury / epiphyseal plates (Contraindication for continuous but precautions for pulsed)
what are precautions to ultrasound?
(1) plastic /. cemented implants
(2) spinal cord
(3) superficial or regenerating nerves
(4) areas of infection
what is the difference between 1 MHz and 3 MHz US? how deep do each reach?
(1) 1 MHz reaches 6cm
(2) 3 MHz reaches 2.5cm
what parameters should be used for A-Thermal Ultrasound?
- Duty Cycle: 20% or LESS
- Frequency: 1 or 3 MHz (depending upon depth of tissues)
- Intensity: 0.5 - 2 W/cm2
- Total Treatment Time: 5-10 minutes
what parameters should be used for Thermal Ultrasound?
- Duty Cycle: >20% (100% continuous preferred)
- Frequency: 1 or 3 MHz (depending upon depth of tissues)
- Intensity: 0.5 - 2 W/cm2
- Total Treatment Time: 10 minutes
how large should the treatment area be for US?
2-4x the ERA
what is the average BNR of an ultrasound unit?
5-6
