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GEOG 304 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what is backshore?

A
  • area that extends from waterline inland

- only affected by wave action at high tides or storm events

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2
Q

what is beach face?

A

beach sloping portion, usually tidal

- exposed to the water in and out

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3
Q

what is berm?

A

flat portion of the beach

- usually on a sandy beach

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4
Q

what is foreshore?

A
  • same as sloping, essentially beach face, located between berm crest, and upper limit of where the waves come to (high tide)
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5
Q

what is inshore?

A

foreshore to the breaker zone

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6
Q

what is the intertidal/littoral zone?

A

between the high watermark and the low watermark

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7
Q

what is offshore?

A
  • continental shelf to the deep water
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8
Q

what is the swash, surf, and breaker zones?

A

swash: low tide defined
surf: where water rushes into
breaker: where the waves begin to break

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9
Q

what is continental shelf?

A
  • from the coast to the shelf break

- waters that cover

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10
Q

what is epipelagic?

A
  • upper layers of the sea

- most almost all of the live

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11
Q

what is mesopelagic?

A
  • shallow waters, getting toward the deeper side 200m-1000m deept
  • losing sunlight, losing productivity
  • lying below the pynco/halo cline
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12
Q

what is continental slope/bathyal

A
  • portion of the shelf break, but not the abyssal plain, sudden decreasing part
  • here 180m-2000m - straight down
  • characterized by caves/canyons/very productive
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13
Q

what is bathypelagic?

A
  • area of complete darkness?
  • waters that lay right above the abyssal plain
  • possible trench/canyons
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14
Q

what is pyncocline?

A
  • change in density
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15
Q

what is halocline?

A

change in salinity

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16
Q

what is thermocline

A

change in temperature

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17
Q

what is a first order process?

A

moving of tectonic plates, wide scale, 10-100kms or more

- vertical dimensions of the coast

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18
Q

what is second order process?

A

water movement, movement of glaciers, erosional relief, wave action, 10kms or localized

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19
Q

what is third order process?

A
  • work on sediment based coastlines (sandy) rather than rocky - localized and shorter time
  • wind movements - dunes, spits, sediment movement
  • nearshore, transportation of sediment
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20
Q

what is tectonic classification?

A
  • active or passive boundaries

- active, trailing, or marginal zone

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21
Q

species diversity

A
  • defined zones that is looked at
  • throughout water column
    richness, diversity
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22
Q

describe mountainous coast

A
  • coastal mountains, rocky shores, shelf <50km
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23
Q

describe narrow shelf, hill coast

A
  • shelf <50km, coastal hills, occasional beaches and headlands
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24
Q

describe narrow shelf, plains coast

A
  • shelf <50km, low-lying coastal plains, barrier beaches, and occasional low cliffes
  • new zealand
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25
Q

describe wideshelf, plains coast

A

shelf >50km, low-lying plains, wide shore zone, often barrier beaches
- florida

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26
Q

describe shelf, hilly coast

A

shelf >50km, coastal hills, occasional beaches, headlands, and barrier beaches
- india

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27
Q

describe deltaic coast

A
  • sediement deposited where river enters sea, low-lying coastal bulge
  • rivers lead into oceans
  • africa
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28
Q

describe reef coast

A
  • organic origin, fringing or barrier type

- australia

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29
Q

describe glaciated coast

A
  • dominated by erosional effects of glacial cliffs and fjords common
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30
Q

different types of deltas

A

fluvial-dominated: large catchment rivers
wave dominated: wave generated transport is larger than the river discharge and tidal exchange
tide-dominated: tidal exchange dominates transport generated by waves and river discharge

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31
Q

describe dunes

A
  • occurs along coastlines
  • longer on stoss than slip face
  • built by wind or water flow
  • land protection
32
Q

describe sandspits

A
  • morphologically active
  • deposition bar or beach land form off coasts
  • low exposure coastlines
  • more extreme if subject to wave action or extreme event
33
Q

what is a tombolo

A
  • deposition landform in which an island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or a bar
  • just out from the coastline
34
Q

what is a barrier island

A
  • parallel to shore
  • sandy stretch of island
  • between the barrier island and the mainland is a calm, protected water body such as a lagoon, or bay
35
Q

what is the backshore?

A

area of a beach from the limit of high water line to the extreme inland limit of beach. it is only affected by waves during exceptional high tides or sever storms

36
Q

what is the forshore?

A
  • regularly covered and uncovered by the sea during the rise and fall of the tide. in a tideless area, this region is very narrow and lies only between the limits of wave uprush and back rush
37
Q

describe mangroves?

A
  • low-oxygen soils in tropical and subtropical latitude
  • productive ecosystems
  • stabilize sediments
  • maintains water quality - adds oxygen back into the system
  • protect shoreline
38
Q

what is the littoral, sub littoral

A
  • zone closest to the shore
  • in coastal environments the littoral zone extends from the high water mark, which is rarely inundated to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged
39
Q

what is bathyal

A

continental or insular slope

40
Q

what is ultra abbyssal

A
  • hadal zone
  • oceanic trenches
  • narrow topographical depressions
  • formed when two tectonic pales come together
41
Q

who is Catherine J. Stevens

A
  • what do squishy zooplankton eat
  • squishy zoop blooms on the rise
  • squishy zoops assumed to be a poor food for consumers
42
Q

what does zooplankton eat?

A
  • mostly phytoplankton
  • diatoms, dinophlagelates
  • tintinnids, bacteria (maybe)
43
Q

how can zooplankton diet be determined?

A
  • direct observations (video)
  • gut content analysis
  • organic biomakers (fatty acids, time integrated)
44
Q

what is a biomarkers?

A
  • naturally occurring biochemical compound in an organism

- can be used to “trace” a biological product

45
Q

what is the WCVI important?

A
  • home to commercially important fish stocks

- represents a crucial long-term data set

46
Q

what is fisheries acoustics

A
  • assessing environment in a non destructive way
  • remote sensing
  • tools used come at range of frequency
  • hydrophones
  • based on frequency information at different acoustic frequencies reveals different classes
47
Q

list forage species

A
  • pacific herring
  • sardine
  • walleye pollock
  • rockfish species
  • pacific hake
  • myctophids, krill
48
Q

describe Saildrone

A
  • collaboration with NOAA
  • sensors, programs in the saildrone
  • many measures (salinity, passive noise (mammals), other noise)
  • about 9 knots
49
Q

describe salmon (acoustics)

A
  • survival rate before open ocean
  • autonomous echo sounders
  • moorings on the bottoms that send pulses of sound as they go above the instruments
  • vulnerable migration corridor
  • high run of biomass through may and july
50
Q

describe ecosystem changes

A
  • global changes and how this affects the coastal zone, global warming, sea level rise, ocean acidification
51
Q

what is climate change?

A
  • change in the distribution of weather patterns over an extended period of time
52
Q

what is global warming

A
  • long-term rise in average temperature in climate systems
53
Q

what is el nino

A
  • warm phase is souther oscillation

- associated with a warm band of water in central, east central equatorial Pacific

54
Q

what is la nina

A

sea surface temperatures in the eastern pacific are lower than usual

55
Q

what is ocean acidification

A
  • carbon dioxide emissions
  • increased acidification
  • implications for marine life
56
Q

describe sea level rise

A
  • approx. 30cm/century
  • regional
  • low-lying, large estuaries, drowned river valleys
  • lacking barrier protection
  • barriers mitigate landward in rollover process
57
Q

why do we care about underwater acoustics?

A
  • optics underwater
  • electro-magnetics underwater
  • sound source, emitting low frequency sounds
58
Q

what is sound?

A
  • sound is created by a vibrating object
  • the speed (celerity) of sound waves through a medium is related to the wavelength and frequency thus
  • the speed of sound varies with the medium
59
Q

sound speed in the ocean

A

increase in pressure, increase in temperature, increase of salinity = increase of sound speed

60
Q

how loud is underwater sound?

A
  • different metrics of sound levels
61
Q

how to measure underwater sound?

A
  • hydrophones
  • gliders
  • animal tags
  • on a ship
62
Q

sound sources in the ocean

A
  • environmental
  • anthropogenic
  • biological
  • wenz curve
63
Q

conclusions from Xaviers talk

A

importance of sound in the ocean, anthropogenic noise is a major threat and should be taken into consideration during spatial planning
- passive acoustics can be a very powerful tool

64
Q

what do we need to do for coastal conservation

A
  • To go to an ecosystem level effect, not just individual species
  • Science and policy are not working together
  • Adaptive management is important, not just fragmented management schemes
65
Q

what is mitigation requirement

A

set out in legislation and is dependent on assessment of severity of impact on individuals, populations, habitat

66
Q

what is mitigation impact threshold

A

set out in legislation. it requires definition of allowable impact such as the number of animals affected, population viability effect, habitat degradation/loss effect

67
Q

what is mitigation approach

A

legislation, the approach is determined by legislative authority

68
Q

what is mitigation outcome analysis

A
  • assessed by proponent

- determined by legislative authority

69
Q

describe exclusion zones

A
  • requires applicant to plan seismic operations spatially and temporally to avoid areas of known marine mammals and (target and prey) concentrations
70
Q

what are the 5 parts of a planning strategy

A
  1. buffer zone around critical habitat
  2. temporal avoidance
  3. temporal and spatial avoidance of prey species sensitive to seismic airgun zone
  4. fixed safety zone
  5. cautionary approach esp. around crucial habitat
71
Q

what is a marine mammal observer

A

a qualified MMO must continually visually observe the safety zone for the presence of marine mammals for at least 30 minutes prior to stating the airgun source array and during all other times that the airgun source array is active. Use a 60 minute pre-survey detection window in areas where deep-diving species occur

72
Q

describe guidlines for MMOs

A
  • Maximum shift length 4 hours
  • Set maximum duty length per day
  • Maximize number of observers for 360 degree observations
  • High vantage point of observations
  • High powered reticule binoculars (25x magnification
73
Q

what is a noise attenuation system

A
  • systems that attenuate sound emissions from pile driving by providing an acoustic barrier between wetted pile and surrounding water
  • the barrier is typically a curtain of air bubbles
74
Q

5 types of noise attenuation systems

A
  1. unconfined single tier air bubble curtain
  2. hard bubble system
  3. unconfined multi-tier air bubble curtain
  4. isolation casing and bubble system
  5. two stage confined bubble curtain system
75
Q

mitigation methods for acoustics

A
  • vessel speed reductions
  • shipping vessel traffics
  • ## vessel convoys

GEOG 304 (1 decks)

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