Midterm

Question 1

The principle of Informed Consent aims to

a) To present to potential recruits with all available information about the study
b) To withhold certain pieces of information, such as the length of time an interview will take or the risks associated with the study
c) To make the potential recruits more likely to actually participate in the study
d) To present potential recruits the possible risks and anticipated gains from the study

Answer 1

d) To present potential recruits the possible risks and anticipated gains from the study

Question 2

Under what conditions it is not required to apply for IRB (Institutional Review Board) approval in your research

a) When you are evaluating data already obtained
b) If you are not planning to use an interventional method
c) If you do not anticipate potential risks during the research
d) IRB Approval is always required

Answer 2

d) IRB Approval is always required

Question 3

Qualitative research develops theory, while quantitative research …

a) Validates theory
b) Repeats theory from literature
c) Disproves an existing theory
d) There is no theory in quantitative research

Answer 3

a) Validates theory

Question 4

Qualitative research …

a) Uses statistical analysis of data generated
b) Uses inductive approach
c) Tests theories deductively
d) There is no theory in quantitative research

Answer 4

b) Uses inductive approach

Question 5

Research design includes (select two) …

a) plan or proposal to conduct research
b) literature review
c) description of strategy of inquiry
d) the researcher’s philosophical world view

Answer 5

a) plan or proposal to conduct research

c) description of strategy of inquiry

Question 6

A characteristic of proper research questions is that…

a) They remain unaffected by the literature research
b) They provide the conclusions in the research
c) They broaden the scope of the research
d) They can be refined by a careful literature search

Answer 6

d) They can be refined by a careful literature search

Question 7

One should select qualitative approach when …

a) Testing of casual relationships is desired
b) There is uncertainty about which are the important variables to be examined
c) Seeking the establishment of factors that best predict an outcome
d) The dominant explanations apply to a given population

Answer 7

b) There is uncertainty about which are the important variables to be examined

Question 8

The need to review the literature is to …

a) To make sure you have a long list of references
b) It is necessary to reach the required word-count
c) To identify what is already known about your area of interest
d) To help in your general studying

Answer 8

c) To identify what is already known about your area of interest

Question 9

The literature review does which of the following? (Select two)

a) Offers a framework for establishing the importance of the study
b) Offers useful sections to be used in the study discussion
c) Provides a benchmark for comparing the results to other findings
d) Provides the conclusions that the researcher is seeking

Answer 9

a) Offers a framework for establishing the importance of the study
c) Provides a benchmark for comparing the results to other findings

Question 10

Which of the following web resources can be considered reliable for a good literature search in Optometry?

a) A major corporation’s portal
b) PubMed
c) Your favorite professor’s personal blog
d) Major news outlet
e) Wikipedia

Answer 10

b) PubMed

Question 11

When selecting literature material, the most reliable source of information are…

a) Articles published in peer-reviewed journals
b) Reports provided by blogs
c) Corporation-sponsored news releases
d) Non-reviewed journals

Answer 11

a) Articles published in peer-reviewed journals

Question 12

To read critically includes:

a) Taking a positive point of view to the ideas and opinions expressed
b) Reading every detail in the material because every line matters
c) Being agreeable with the methods and conclusions of the manuscript
d) Identifying weaknesses and strengths in terms of your current research

Answer 12

d) Identifying weaknesses and strengths in terms of your current research

Question 13

Qualitative studies …

a) Test theories explanations
b) Use the studies to generate theory
c) Do not have theories at all
d) Always use dependent and independent variables

Answer 13

b) Use the studies to generate theory

Question 14

The statistical property which describes the degree and direction of the relationship between two characteristics or variables is called…

a) Probability
b) Correlation
c) Mean value
d) Sample size

Answer 14

b) Correlation

Question 15

When one dependent variable is halved when an independent variable is halved, this suggests

a) Strong causation
b) Strong correlation
c) Weak causation
d) Weak correlation

Answer 15

b) Strong correlation

Question 16

There is evidence of a strong causation between ocular hypertension and risk of developing glaucoma. This means that

a) If the intraocular pressure increases by 50% (from 20 to 30%), the risk of glaucoma increases by 50%
b) There is a well-established theoretical link between intraocular pressure and glaucoma
c) Even if anti-glaucomatic drops are prescribed, glaucoma condition will not be improved
d) There is a well-proven mathematical model between intraocular pressure and glaucoma

Answer 16

b) There is a well-established theoretical link between intraocular pressure and glaucoma

Question 17

The concept of correlation describes… (select two)

a) The magnitude of the dependent variable de can be determined (predicted) from the magnitude of the independent variable
b) There is often a simple mathematical relationship between a dependent and an independent variable
c) There is a theoretical link between a dependent and an independent variable
d) There is a set of variables that must be measured concurrently

Answer 17

a) The magnitude of the dependent variable de can be determined (predicted) from the magnitude of the independent variable
b) There is often a simple mathematical relationship between a dependent and an independent variable

Question 18

In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:

a) The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed
b) The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other
c) A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research
d) A concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined

Answer 18

a) The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed

Question 19

In quantitative research, theory is …

a) The aggregate of the conclusions that can be identified in literature research
b) An open-ended question about relationships between a set of interrelated variables
c) A model or explanation of what a researcher expects to find about a set of interrelated variables.
d) A concept whose meaning is strongly dependent on its definition and the personal experiences of the researcher

Answer 19

c) A model or explanation of what a researcher expects to find about a set of interrelated variables.

Question 20

In quantitative research, the researcher… (identify the proper order)

a) Formulates hypothesis, constructs questions from the theory, defines variables, and measures or observes variables
b) Defines variables, constructs questions from the theory, measures or observes variables, and formulates hypothesis
c) Defines variables, measures or observes variables, formulates hypothesis, and constructs questions from the theory
d) Formulates hypothesis, defines variables, measures or observes variables, and constructs questions from the theory

Answer 20

a) Formulates hypothesis, constructs questions from the theory, defines variables, and measures or observes variables

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a proper section for the placement of theory?

a) The introduction
b) A separate section
c) Literature review
d) After hypothesis or research questions
e) At the conclusions

Answer 21

c) Literature review

Question 22

When the theory is placed in a separate section, advantages include…

a) There is familiarity to readers and conveys a deductive approach
b) That it is a logical extension or part of the literature
c) That it helps explain how and why variables have been chosen and rationalize their relationship
d) That it clearly separates the theory from other components of the research process

Answer 22

d) That it clearly separates the theory from other components of the research process

Question 23

Which word implies a quantitative approach in a purpose statement?

a) Discover
b) Explore
c) Influence
d) Comparison

Answer 23

d) Comparison

Question 24

The purpose section contains the following ….

a) A statement about the objectives and the intent of the research
b) A short theoretical background
c) A summary of findings from the literature research
d) The introduction of the variables to be used

Answer 24

a) A statement about the objectives and the intent of the research

Question 25

The purpose statement ….

a) Provides the questions to be answered by collecting data
b) Describes the experimental sequence to be followed
c) Introduces the variables in the study
d) Introduces the objectives and the intent of the study

Answer 25

d) Introduces the objectives and the intent of the study