Midterm Flashcards
What kind of system is our health care?
Single tiered, meaning that even though some of our healthcare is provided by private sectors, it is paid for through public funding.
What are P3s?
Public Private Partnerships. Introduced by premier McGuinty, the private sector would be responsible for building the hospital and owned it, but the public sector operated and provided care under OHIP. This ensures up-to-date tech and good infrastructure, plus things got done fast. Problem was that in order to make it cost-efficient, housekeeping and food remained with the private sector and weren’t always up to standard.
What is the Cahoulli decision?
It was a lawsuit brought by Quebec doctors on behalf of his patients who had to wait months for a ship replacement. The court rules that long waiting lists imperilled patients rights to the security of the person. Many claimed this opened the doors to private delivery and financing of HC. Quebec gave money to private sector to develop their version of OHIP.
Describe private clinics in Canada.
Ex. Coleman Clinics. Pay an annual membership fee for non-insured services but also bill OHIP for services covered by the government. Essentially paying for timely access to doctors, nurses, and sports therapists (queue jumping) which people didn’t like. Charging for things already covered (aka membership fee) was illegal, so government cracked down on these. Now the debate surrounds for profit blood plasma clinics.
What are some cons to the private parallel system?
It will drain health profiles from public system and allows the doctors in the system to pick and chose their patients, potentially resulting in them doing easy stuff then shipping cases back to the public system when things go wrong. It will also drain personal from the private system.
What are the primary objectives of Health Canada at the different levels?
Municipal: provides many local recreation facilities
Provincial: deliver health care and hospital maintenance
Federal: provides most of the funding and therefore uses it as leverage.
What is the mandate of Health Canada?
Maintaining and improving the health of Canadians
What select populations was the federal government responsible for under the BNA act?
Inuit and First Nations' health RCMP Armed forces veterans Correctional services employees Immigrant and refugee claimants
What happened when the fed. government threatened to decrease refugee claimant coverage?
The doctors stood up for them and said they need healthcare, especially those needing prenatal care.
What occurred in the 1920s as a result of the TB outbreak?
When TB became prominent people believed it was spread by the Indian population and the whites wanted segregated hospitals. The government obliged and between 1920 and 1970, there were racially segregated indian hospitals.
What is cystitis?
TB often hit children but the hospitals were ill-prepared to take care of them, so there were records of doctors putting casts on children to prevent them from running around.
What does the federal government do with health Canada?
Conducts research, produces national healthcare campaigns, health promotion and disease prevention, and oversees PHAC, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Hazardous Material Information Review Commission, Patented Medicine Prices Review Board, and Assisted Human Reproduction Canada.
What are the different branches of Health Canada?
Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB) Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch Canadian Institutes of Health Research Patented Medicines Prices Review Board Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
What does HPFB do?
Oversees/reviews health related risks and benefits of drugs, vaccines, medical devices, national food products, food, and vets drugs.
What does the Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch do?
Drug Strategy and Controlled Substances Program: regulates the use and distribution of narcotics and other controlled drugs in Canada ex. medical marijuana.
Tobacco Control Program: regulates the manufacture and sale of tobacco products ex. packaging
What does the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) do?
Funds 13 research institutes across Canada through a multi-million dollar budget
What does Patented Medicines Prices Review Board do?
It is a watch agency monitoring prices of patented drugs.
What is the PHAC?
Created in 2004 following SARS and headed by Canada’s Chief Public Helath Officer, it has a mandate to promote health and prevent disease by responding to health emergencies and infectious disease outbreaks.
Why do we not have a national pharmacare program?
Many of the really poor and elderly are already covered provincially and most of the rest are covered through some work health plan so although it is more cost effective to have a federal program, it is hard to get everyone together and just not work it.
What are some international health agencies that work with health care?
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
WHO
What is OECD?
An international health agency composed of 30 member countries that measures the quality of medical care in member countries and rates health outcomes.
What is WHO?
Composed of 194 member countries, it provides health leadership globally through health research, monitoring health trends, providing statistics, recommending policy and actions regarding population health, and issuing alerts regarding health epidemics and pandemics.
Why are people in some countries hesitant of vaccine campaigns? Give an example.
When the americans were looking for Osama Bin Laden in Pakistan, they sent CIA people door-to-door staged as public health vaccinators, looking for him. When people found out, they accused the US of misusing a vital public health service through political means and caused many of the people who were actually giving the vaccines to be killed and the eradication of the diseases were put in jeopardy because people lost trust.
What are dog whistle politics?
It is coded language that quietly puts blame on people that the public won’t pick up on, resulting in prejudice.
Who was blamed for the black death?
The jewish community were blamed in germany.
Describe the plague.
Between 1347-53 alone it killed 25 million people in Europe, approximately 1/3rd of the population. It was caused by a bacterial infection that was transmitted to humans via fleas of infected rodents. The sick were incarcerated in their homes and doors were marked with a red X. During the Great Plague of London (1665-66), 1/5th-1/th of the population of the city were killed. Was a class issue.
How did Hurricane Katrina illustrate the saying “flee early, flee far, return late”?
Those who could afford to leave prior to the store did, leaving the poor trapped in the city when the levis broke during the storm, forcing them to seek shelter in the stadium. It really showed who had options and who didn’t.
What are some bacterial infections that resulted in epidemics?
The plague, leprosy, syphilis, typhus, cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis
What are some viral infections that resulted in epidemics?
Small pox, yellow fever, rabis, influenza, AIDS, measles, ebola, polio, dengue fever, SARS
What level of government is responsible for mosquito control?
All levels.
What is influenza?
Commonly referred to as the flu, it is a highly infectious viral disease that affects the respiratory tract. Called influenza because was thought a heavenly influence must be at work to cause so many cases.
What is the spanish flu?
It was a pandemic in 1918-1919 that killed over 20 million people. It was called the spanish flu because spain was one of the only countries without a media blackout during the war and therefore projected images of the illness worldwide.
What is adding to the rate of disease transmission?
The world is shrinking as our ability to travel more and easier increases.
What is SARS?
SARS was a pandemis in 2003 that infected over 8000 people in 29 countries, 800 dying, 44 of them canadians. It was a mysterious pneumonia like disease that spread via airborne droplets. It hit Canada particularly hard.
How did SARS change the canadian health care system?
It revealed Canada was not prepared for an epidemic. In a review conducted by Justice Archie Campbell in 2007, he said that the HC system was not prepared and coordinated, that the different levels are needed to work together. Resulted in many cities now having an emergency preparedness plan and the creation of PHAC and Public safety canada.
What are PHAC’s key goals?
Public Awareness Ongoing Surveillance Early Detection Prompt action to contain viruses Effective CMN across HC system Collaboration amongst HC providers, orgs, agencies at all levels of government.
What is H1N1?
A strain of influenza virus that in the past usually only affected pigs but in the spring of 2009, it emerged in people in Mexico. Our lack of natural immunity allows it to spread and cause serious widespread illness.
Who was the first case of Swine flu?
A mexican person who acted as a door-to-door census taker in an industrial town in mexico called La Gloria.
How have we advanced our outbreak management plans?
We now have emergency preparedness training and teams. Precautions taken for H1N1 actually reduced the normal incidence of other conditions that year.
What is Legionaire’s disease?
Named after an outbreak at convention of legion member in 1976 in philidelphia, it is caused by a strain of bacteria now called legionella. There was another outbreak in summer/fall of 2012 in Quebec city, 13 dying after it was incubated in the air conditioning units of tall buildings.
What is shrek syndrome?
If it is far, far away, we tend not to care that much. For example, ebola was not relevant in north america until a doctor came back sick.
Describe the ebola virus.
The disease first appeared in 1976 in two outbreaks simultaneously, one of which occurred near the ebola river. It is now an epidemic is Wes Africa that exhibits race and class issues due to the lack of money for containment efforts. It is spread through bodily fluids and has killed over 11315 out of 28000 cases. People now fear a mutation that will result in it being airborne.
Who was severely affected by the ebola virus?
Health care workers were particularly hard hit, with a 50% fatality rate.
What was found to be aiding the spread of ebola?
Religious culture practices aided in the spread as when someone died, the family would come and clean and wrap the body, returning it to the home village and allowing transmission to occur.
Why don’t we have a vaccine for ebola?
Families began losing faith in medical experts and went back to their home villages, spreading the disease. The main reason for the lack of vaccine is where the outbreak occurred, developed countries weren’t effected so there was no monetary incentive to develop a vaccine. There was also a severe lack of doctors, with only 225 for a country of 6 million, who would need a steady supply of electricity to heat and clothe blood samples.
Who delivery health care in Canada?
1) Health Care Practitioners
2) CAM
3) Informal workers
4) Care by family, friends, and volunteers
Define practice setting.
The contest and the environment in which hc is delivered. Now shifting more towards community based care. ex. Ford government is around integrating and coordinating care
What is the oaks and what do they specialize in?
The Oaks is a homeless shelter that specializes in harm reduction. They are known to give homeless alcoholics access to small amounts of alcohol. This relieves their addiction seeking behaviours as they know where their next fix is coming from, and allows stability, which can lead to finding housing and a job.
