midterm Flashcards
What is a mammal?
group of animals with backbones, have hair, nurse infants with milk, share unique dentition and jaw articulation
subclasses
Prototheria and Theria
Theria split into..?
Metatheria and Eutheria
Prototheria?
egg laying, monotremes
Metatheria?
marsupials
Eutheria?
placental mammals
How long did mammals coexist with dinosaurs?
2/3 of their history
What were first mammals like?
nocturnal, endothermic and lactating, not numerous but very diverse, short lived species
Estimated weight of first mammals?
2-12kg
Types of diversity of living mammals? or contribution to diversity of mammals??
- Phylogenetic (evolutionary lineages)
- Biogeographic (where in the world)
- Allometric (how big)
- Life history (reproduction)
- Locomotory
- trophic
- habitat
Examples of Prototherian mammals?
Echidna, platypus
Examples of metatherian mammals?
opossums, monito del monte, kangaroos, koalas, possums
Examples of Eutherian mammals?
elephants, golden moles, bats, cats, weasels, whales, apes
Common names from Monotremata?
Echidna, platypus
common names from Didelphimorphia? (metatheria)
New world oppossums
Paucituberculata? (metatheria)
rat opossums
Paramelemorphia? (Metatheria)
Bandicoots
Notorycyctemorphia? (Metetheria)
Marsupial moles
Dasyuromorphia? (Metatheria)
Quolls, dunnarts
Microbiotheria? (metatheria)
Monito del monte
Diprotodontia? (Metatheria)
kangaroos, koalas, possums
Proboscidea? (Eutherian)
elephants
Hyracoidea? (Eutheria)
hyraxes
Sirenia? (Eutheria)
dugongs, manatees
Tubulidentata? (Eutheria)
aardvark
Macroscelidea? (Eutheria)
elephant shrews
Afrosoricida? (Eutherian)
golden moles, tenrecs
Xenarthra? (eutherian)
anteaters, sloths, armadillos
Eulipotyphla? (eutherian)
shrews, moles, hedgehogs
Chiroptera? (eutherian)
bats
Carnivora? (Eutherian)
cats, dogs, bears, seals, weasels
Perrisodactyla? (eutherian)
horses, rhinos, tapirs
Artiodactyla? (Eutherian)
deer, pigs, antelope, camels
Cetacea? (eutherian)
whales, dolphins
Scandentia? (eutherian)
tree shrews
Dermoptera? (eutherians)
colugos
Primates? (eutherian)
lemurs, monkeys, apes
Lagomorpha? (eutherian)
hares, rabbits, pikas
Rodentia? (eutherian)
mice, squirrels, capybara
Where are prototherians found?
restricted to Australia and New Guinea
Where are metatherians found?
Mostly in Australia and New Guinea, some in South America, few in North America
What Eutherians have the greatest number/species diversity?
rodentia
Zhe-Xi Luo?
Organismal Bio and U Chicago.
early evolution of mammals, Mesozoic diversity, key mammalian innovations
Evolutionary trends in Mammalian dentition?
Heterodonty triconodont molars diphyodontia tribosphenic molars diastema
Heterodonty?
teeth varying in form and function
Triconodont Molars?
molars with 3 cusps arranged along anterior-posterior ridge
Diphyodontia?
replacement of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth
Tribosphenic molars?
grinding and cutting;
term coined by GG simpson;
key mammal innovation during late Mesozoic and evolved independently
Diastema?
gap between adjacent teeth
Incisors in rodents and Lagomorpha?
chisels for hard food, arc shaped and ever growing
Incisors in Artiodactyla?
tape dispensers for vegetation, upper incisors absent
Incisors in Shrews (insectivora)?
Forceps for insects, project forward
Incisors in Vampire bats?
razor blades for cutting tissue
Cheek teeth types? (4)
- Bunodont
- Lophodont
- Selenodont
- Carnassial
Bunodont teeth?
- cheek teeth
rounded cusps - ex. primates and pigs
Lophodont teeth?
Continuous ridges or lophs
-ex. elephants, tapirs, rodents
Selenodont teeth?
isolated and crescent shaped ridges
- ex. deer and antelope
Carnassial teeth?
scissor action for shearing flesh
- ex. dogs and cats
elephant Tusks are incisors or canines?
incisors
narwhal tusks are incisors or canines?
incisors
Jukka Jernvall?
U of Helsinki
- mammal palaeontology, evo-devo of mammals, studied mammal dentition, fossil records of primates
integument?
outer, boundary layer between animal and environment
Skin split into…?
Cutis and Subcutis
Cutis made up of..?
Epidermis and Dermis
Epidermis?
primarily keratinized cells, aneural and avascular, nourished by diffusion from the dermis
Dermis?
composed of collagen (provides strength), elastin (provides elasticity)
Subcutis or Hypodermis?
Lowermost layer of integument, composed primarily of loose connective tissue and fat lobules.
contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in dermis
Dermis composed of..?
papillary dermis and reticular dermis
Papillary Dermis?
sends papillae contained blood capillaries or tactile receptors into epidermis
Follicles
pits in skin where hair grows out of
sebaceous glands?
secrete oily substance
root?
base of hair that is sunk in skin
shaft of hair?
portion that emerges beyond the skin
hair shaft composed primarily of protein ..?
Keratin
Hair shaft composed on 3 layers called.?
cuticle, cortex and medulla
Cuticle of hair shaft?
outer layer; composed of scales arranged in taxa distinctive, overlapping patterns
Cortex of hair shaft?
middle layer, pigmented
Medulla of hair shaft?
centre of hair shaft, made of large cuboidal cells, distinctively coloured and interspersed with air pockets
guard hairs?
overlay fur and protect it
underfur?
beneath guard hairs and made of wool, fur and velli
Hair functions/used for?
Insulation, Vibrissae, quills and armour, coloration
“Naked Ape”, hair loss drivers?
- body cooling hypothesis
- aquatic ape hypothesis
- reduced ectoparasite load hypothesis
- sexual selection hypothesis
Scholander?
U of Oslo, Air Force, Harvard, institution of Oceanography
- hair as insulation on mammals, arctic research
What does pinna do?
localizes midsagittal sound
What do mobile pinnae permit?
- separation of visual and auditory concentration
- multiple sampling of acoustic objects
- separation of pinnae and non-pinnae components of ARF (Anatomical transfer function)
Anatomical Transer function (ATF)?
sounds coming from different directions are differentially scattered/filtered by pinnae and non-penal features
Eustachian Tube?
part of middle ear;
communicates with throat to maintain equal pressure on either side of the tympanum
Middle Ear ossicles?
- part of middle ear
- composed on malleus, incus and stapes
- derived from articulation point of snapsid jaw
Acoustic Impedance Mismatch overcome by?
- ossicles connected in series and mechanically coupled to tympanum of outer ear and oval window of inner ear
- oval window much smaller than tympanum
Oval Window?
Part of inner ear;
membrane that transmits sound waves from middle ear ossicles to cochlea
Cochlea?
part of inner ear;
liquid filled tapered tube containing hair cell receptors for converting soon waves into electrical stimuli
Round window?
part of inner ear;
membrane that dissipates pressure waves transmitted through the cochlea
Cochlear hair cells?
part of inner ear;
translate mechanical sound wave into sensory stimulus
Echolocation?
process of emitting sounds and using the intro from returning echoes to sense the surrounding environment
Narrowband shallow FM?
allow precise tuning of auditory neutrons, ideal for detecting weak echoes from small, distant targets, limited precision target localization and characterization
Broadband steep FM?
sweep through the tuning areas of many auditory neutrons, ideal for accurate target localization and characterization, lack long range, weak each capacity of narrowband signals
Aerial foragers?
maximize range with longer, higher intensity (scream), lower freq., narrower band calls
Gleaners
maximize localization and characterization with short, low intensity (whisper), high frequency, wide band calls and by listening to passive prey noises
flutter-deleting foragers
use Dopler shifted reception of high duty cycles to characterize prey according to wing beat pattern
Brock Fenton
Canada’s bat man
Western;
bat behaviour, ecology and evolution, echolocation
Olfaction?
sense of smell; chemoreception of molecules from distant sources
taste?
chemoreception of signals from material that is in direct contact with the receptive structure
Rostrum?
anterior portion of cranium
Proboscis?
long, flexible snout
Olfactory Neuroepithelium?
lines cartilaginous turbinates in upper regions of nasal cavity
olfactory receptor cells?
terminate in fine cilia that lie in thin mucus layer, 6-10 million present in neuroepithelium
olfactory receptors?
protein structure in cilia membrane that differentially bind odourant molecules, translate chemical signals to neural signals
Main Olfactory Epithelium used to?
find food, detect predators and prey, detect scent marks
Vomeronasal system?
detects pheromones
extremely sensitive and highly specific
Bruce Effect?
newly mated female mice return to estrus if exposed to chemosignals of strange males prior to embryo plantation
Written effect?
female mice, rendered anestrus by group housing, initiate estrus in response to male chemosignals
Vandenberg effect?
acceleration of puberty in young female mice in response to male chemosignals
Pheromones?
chemical signals for infraspecific communication
- can modify physiological state of receiver (primers) or modify probability of behavioural response (releasers)
Linda Buck?
Neurobio, Cancer research, studied mechanisms behind door perception and pheromone sensing in mammals
Allometry?
study of how biological phenomena vary according to body size
Allometry equations predict..?
predict variation in biological traits as function of body size
James Brown?
UCLA, U of New Mexico,
H factor 115, allometry
