Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Food and Water Borne Diseases > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Gourmet Food flashcards
1
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

++Spore forming bacteria
Preformed toxin in rice= stat vom
Cereals & dried foods
Salt tolerant, wide temp range, alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

—spore forming bacteria
Guillain-barre- LPS mimics gangliosides
Environmentally fragile but big abx resister
Can be found in healthy animals but not commensal to humans (no asymptomatic human carriage)
Incubation 2-5 hrs, bloody diarrhea
NEEDS 5% O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

++spore forming bacteria

Die when frozen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

++spore forming bacteria
No antibodies it kills you too fast
Home canning & baby honey
Preformed toxin, strictly anaerobic (could still grow on that shipping container) boil that shit (if in acid, can boil less)
Prevented by sodium nitrite which turns meat red but babies blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Escheria coli

A 
—vegetative bacteria 
Aerobe & facult anaer, commensal
Infx dose <10 cells, 0.5-2 microns
Sensitive to heat but resistant to acid 
Petting zoos &amp; ground beef 
Enterohemorrhagic EHEC= HUS kidney failures &amp; seizures, TTP (STEC) bloody diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic ETEC= travelers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

—vegetative bacteria Legonairres disease & Pontiac fever- flu with PNA
Water reservoirs, 10% fatality
Philadelphia outbreak inhalation
Sensitive to heat & chlorine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

++ vegetative bacteria
Rare but deadly, likes the cold 4•
Resistant to acid & salt
Crosses placenta, meningitis, Septicemia, encephalitis. intracellular moves thru actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Salmonella Enteritidis

A

—vegetative bacteria
Eggs & turtles, raw dog food, can hang out on dry foods like chocolate- susceptible to heat but resistant to freezing & drying
Very environmentally adaptable
1-2 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Salmonella typhii & paratyphii

A

—vegetative bacteria
10% fatality
Onset 1-3 weeks, fever & anorexia
Anaer & aer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Shigella dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei

A

—vegetative bacteria
Waterborne af, does not survive pH <4.5
Mucus & bloody diarrhea, anal tremors
Humans only carriers- daycares & cruise ships
Infective dose just ten cells “bacillary dysentery”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

—vegetative bacteria
Toxin resistant to heat & stomach enzymes
.5-6 hrs incubation
Less than 1mcg infx dose, likes to grow in the cold!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

—vegetative bacteria

60% fatality; food & bev, ricewater stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A

—vegetative bacteria

Halophilic, marine, can grow in alkaline conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vibrio vulnificus

A 
—vegetative bacteria 
Most severe, fatality >50% (alcoholics who eat oysters) gastroenteritis or sepsis 
If immunocomp, wounds exposed to water
Can survive super cold 
Infx dose <100
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Calicivirus- Noro

A

Virus - ssRNA & naked
SMOL 0.03 microns with tiny infectious dose
6-12 hrs incubation, diverse af, cruise ships. Sensitive to chlorine. Think American vandal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Virus- ssRNA & naked
Lifelong immunity, vaccine
Very environmentally tough- stable at low temps and low pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hepatitis E

A

Virus- ssRNA & naked

No sequelae, pigs, fatal in preg women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rotavirus

A

Virus- DsRNA & naked

Kids, vaccine doesn’t work well in tropical areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Adenovirus

A

DsDNA, naked. Toughest virus, takes more uv light to kill because repairs DNA. Causes all waterborne conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Giardia

A

Protozoa
Large & filterable
Can withstand chlorination, susceptible to heat
Wilderness
Infx dose one cyst. Trophs=upper small intestine. 50% asymptomatic. Fatty & smells bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cryptosporidium Parvum/Hominis

A

No kryptonite! Can’t filter tiny eggs, Milwaukee, resistant to chlorination- pools & spas. Very zoonotic.
3 microns
Killed by conventional cooking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

CATS- mice not afraid. Mild flu then stays in muscles. Sensitive to heat, 50% ppl have antibodies (exposed). Causes abortions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Trichinella

A

Pork & game, also goes to muscles

Sensitive to freezing

24
Q

Agent factors

A

Psychro=cold (lister, ecoli, staph) and thermo (taq poly)

Most to least resistant to environmental degradation= parasites, enteric viruses, vegetative bacteria

25
Q

Ethnic host factors

A

Japan- vibrio parahem

Eskimo & México- botulism

26
Q

Environmental factors

Temp sensitivity

A

Least to most temp sensitive- fungi, gram pos, gram neg, viruses,
Aw- bacteria, yeast, mold. CO2 reduces growth because both o2 and pH.

27
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A

Intoxication. Neuro, puffer fish, fugu. Paralysis resp distress and hypotension.

28
Q

Scromboid

A

Intoxication. Histamine poisoning- esp tuna. Must chill fish immediately, never let warm. Most common. Immediate- 30 min, tingling, rash, n/v/d

29
Q

Ciguatera

A

Intoxication. From dinoflagellates (microalgae {harmful algal bloom comes from too many nutrients. Suffocate fish and wipe out fish farm}), most in big old fish (fat deposits) not affected by temp or acid. N/v/d, vertigo, chills, arrhythmia, hypotension

30
Q

Shellfish toxin (diarrheic, neurotoxic, amnesic, paralytic)

A

Also dinoflagellates, heat stable. PSP <2hrs, fatal

31
Q

Water measures

A 
Turbidity= cloudiness, nephelometric turb units
pH= acid disinfects but corrodes pipes
Temp= cold takes longer
31
Q

International alternatives

A

(1) slow sand- schmutzdecke, only get liters per day
(2) solar combines heat & UV
(3) chlorine vessels (CDC SWS- treatment, storage, and behavior change)
(4) coag floc with chlorine (PUR)

32
Q

Removal potential from water

A

Most bacteria, then viruses, then Protozoa

33
Q

Milwaukee 3 mistakes

A

1) changed to polyaluminum chloride
2) tested in the summer
3) reused backwash

34
Q

Drinking water treatment

Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation

A

C- alum+++

Take off bottom and sent as sewage

35
Q

Drinking water treatment Filtration

A

Rapid sand filtration- coal & sand bed. Frequent backwash necessary due to buildup. Activated carbon (tortuous pores, made by heat and steam) can even remove pesticides.
Low pressure membrane filtration- different size holes, reverse osmosis tightest but micro is reasonable. Fiber membrane bundles

36
Q

Drinking water treatment

Disinfection

A

“To such a level that disease can not be detected” options are
-chlorine (DBPs)
-ozone ($$, no residual, put oxygen across an electrode and produce an o3 radical and bubble through water- rips apart)
-UV (no residual, interfered by dissolved solids, prevents replication in nucleus)
C= amount of disinfectant
T= time
Low CT= strong disinfectant

37
Q

Drinking water treatment

Distribution

A

Pressure changes and biofilm

38
Q

Waste water treatment

Primary treatment

A

Take out debris & sediment, lipids float to top. Grit chamber & bars etc

39
Q

Waste water treatment

Secondary

A

Sludge & solids go into anaerobic acidophilic bacteria eat the organic stuff into acids, methane, CO2. Press water out and that sludge can get eaten by cows
Microorganisms also chew up organic matter in aerobic chamber

41
Q

Waste water treatment

Tertiary

A

Sand filter, chlorinate, dechlorinate

42
Q

SSO

A

sanitary sewer overflows
Waste pipes are not pressurized
the system is 30-100 years old
Ppl poop 500 grams/day= 1 billion (9 zeroes) noroviruses… think of 10-20 poops a day

43
Q

Three prongs of investigation

A

Epidemiological,
clinical (identify victims and source, tested with ELISA for igg to noro then RT-pcr analysis)
environmental (source of pathogen- from harvesters vomiting off board)

44
Q

Detection of viruses

A

Environmental- cell culture.
EM & immunoassay- need stool sample.
RT-PCR heat stable but unsure if dead or nah
Whole genome sequencing= even better than PCR

45
Q

HACCP

A

Hazard analysis critical control point - an alternative preventative system of quality control, involved complete control over raw materials, process, environment, personnel, distribution, and storage

46
Q

Clean water act

A

1972 To protect navigable waterways and then clean drinking water.
Two parts- first says to cities & industries to prevent pollution (TMDLs) Second gives money to waste treatment plants.
Prevent HABs from too many nutrients (fertilizer)

47
Q

NSSP

A

National shellfish sanitation project (because rich ppl care about the oysters) involves FDA, state, and shellfish industry. Oysters must grow in clean water, depurate, and tag. Downfall= only bacteria focused

48
Q

SDWA

A

1974
Authorizes EPA to regulate 91 contaminants in water. Includes either a MCL=maximum contaminant level or TT= treatment technique and MRDL=maximum residual disinfectant levels
Primary standards- microorgs, DBP, inorganic chems, synthetic org chems, radionuclides
Secondary- metals, odor, chloride, sulfate
Publish consumer confidence reports

50
Q

Disinfectant scale

A

1- low pressure membranes (filtration)

2- ozone, 3- chlorine dioxide/ free chlorine (chemicals, tied) 4- UV 5- granular media (filter) 6- chloramines suck

51
Q

International difficulties

A

Transport- distribution, pressure, freeloaders
Storage= open containers/biofilm, dippers, vectors
Can boil but burns/pollution

52
Q

Pb As Hg toxicities

A

Transplacenta

Cancer, <3 disease, immunotoxicity, reproductive dysfunction, neurotoxicity, nephropathy

53
Q

LEAD

A

Not naturally occurring but comes in (1) occupational, (2) environmental, (3) waste & (4) water
Reported in ug/dl=ug/100g. Adults 10ug, kid 5ug= ELE^

54
Q

MERCURY

A

Bioaccumulation from methyl (fish & ayurveda)

55
Q

ARSENIC

A

naturally occurring but also anthropogenic (industry & farming)

56
Q

What are metals?

A

They are elements- their ultimate sources are geologic and they aren’t degraded or detoxified
Transported & accumulated within ecosystems
Bioavailability= molecular form, particle size, and solvency

57
Q

Cuperation

A

Recovering lead from earth

Food and Water Borne Diseases (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions