Midterm Flashcards
What is a City
- > 5000+ ppl
2. Fills societal functions (admin, religion, economic, trade, transportation)
City is derived from what latin word
“civitas” meaning citizenship or community member
Examples of World/Global Cities
London, New York, Tokyo, Paris, Singapore, Hong Kong, Washington, Brussels, Toronto, Chicago
Protocol for Landscape Interpretation
- Observe
- Describe
- Inquire
- Interpret
- Extend
What is ‘Observe’
Make list of things you see.
What is ‘Describe’
What activities are taking place? What is the setting for those activities?
What is ‘Inquire’
What question arise in your mind as you look at the landscape?
What is ‘Interpret’
What relationships (economic, cultural, political, environmental) underlay the landscape?
What is ‘Extend’
What sources can you find that will help you understand the context?
How do you know that you are in a city
- Structure (buildings, roadways, etc)
- Behaviour (lots of ppl rushing)
- Things (cars, trucks, etc)
- Environment (temperature, high winds, sounds)
What is “city proper” boundary definition
Describes city according to an administrative boundary
What is “urban agglomeration” boundary definition
Considers the extent of the contiguous urban area, or built-up area, to determine boundaries
What is “metropolitan area” boundary definition
Defines its boundaries according to the degree of economic and social interconnectedness of nearby areas (commuting patterns or interlinked commerce)
What is a Metacity, Megacity, and Large City
Metacity = 20+ million
Megacity = 10+ million
Large City = 5-10 million
What are World Cities
- Transactional Nodes that act as decision-making centres for the world economy
- ‘Strategic Sites’ that run the world - Saskia Sasson
- Leaders in Producer Services
- Hubs for innovation
- Dominate popular culture through powerful media outlets
- Open to new people and ideas (large diversity)
Examples of Leaders in Producer Services
- Banking and Markets
- Accounting
- Advertising
- Law
- Real Estate
Alpha Cities
World Cities rated 10-12
12: London, Paris, New York, Tokyo
10: Chicago, Frankfurt, LA, Singapore, Hong Kong
Beta Cities
World Cities rated 7-9
9: San Fran, Sydney, TO
8: Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao Paulo
7: Moscow, Seoul
Gamma Cities
World Cities rated 4-6
6: Amsterdam, Boston, Dallas, Geneva
5: Bangkok, Beijing, Montreal, Rome
4: Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin
Describing Leading Cities
- Demographic Tradition (# of people)
ex. ) metacity, megacity, large city - Functional Tradition (network, relationship)
ex. ) world cities or global cities
Describe Urbanization
Refers to population shift of rural to urban residency and the ways in which each society adapts to this change
ex.) change in lifestyle
What Urbanization did the World reach in 2007 and what is it expected to reach by 2050
2007 = 50% 2050 = 66%
Stages of Urbanization
Early: still dynamically linked to rural society
Mercantile: growth in mercantilism
Capitalist: expansion & profit maximization
What is Urban Planning
Technical and political process concerned with the design of the urban environment
City Functions and Urban Economies
- Market Centres (trade & commerce)
- Transportation Centres (highways, roadways, etc)
- Specialized Service Centres (government/religion)
What is Central Place Theory
Explained regular size, spacing and function of urban settlements in fertile agricultural region (Walter Christaller)
Describe Law of the Primate Cities
Mark Jefferson - 1930
Quantitative: “At least twice as large as the next largest city”
Qualitative: “Exponentially expressive of national capacity and feeling”
Advantages/Disadvantages of Primacy
Advantages: Economies of Scale, Convenience of Centrality
Disadvantages: Underserved Regions, Imbalanced Development
What is the Rank Size Rule
G.K.Zipf (1940’s)
The nth largest city is 1/n the size of the largest city
ex.) 4th largest city is 1/4 the size of the largest city
4 main models of city structure
- Concentric Zone (Burgess) Model
- Sector Model
- Multiple Nuclei Model
- Inverse Concentric Model
What is Concentric Zone Model
cities residentially segregated based on class
What is Sector Model
cities grow based on transportation corridors
What is Multiple Nuclei Model
cities grow around several distinct nodes
Pierce Lewis’s 7 Axioms for Reading the Landscape
- Culture is reflected in landscape
- All elements are important
- Hard to study
- History matters
- Locational context
- Intimately related to physical environment
- Not conveyed obviously
What is Ecological Footprint
the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources
What is sustainability
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
The 10 Melbourne Principles for Sustainable Cities
- Vision
- Economy & Society
- Biodiversity
- Ecological Footprints
- Model Cities on Ecosystems
- Sense of Place
- Empowerment
- Partnerships
- Sustainable Products & Consumption
- Governance & Hope
What is Resiliance
The capability to which an ecosystem can resist change and remain within the functional boundaries that characterize it without “flipping” to a different set of functional boundaries
What is the opposite of Resilience
Vulnerability
List the Resilience Principles
- embrace diversity
- acknowledge slow variables
- embrace modularity
- build social capital
- emphasize innovation
- overlap in governances
- include ecological services
- build adaptive capacity
Sustainability Aspects
- Urban Agriculture
- Renewable Energy
- Green Buildings
- Green Transport
- Eco-Districts
- Green Businesses
What does Bedestan, Tells, Wadi, Maghreb, Kasbah and Medina mean
Bedestan = covered market Tells = hills Wadi = riverbed Maghreb = Western North America Kasbah = citadel Medina = city
Waves of Empires
- Greek
- Roman
- Byzantine
- Islamic Empires
- Europeans
- Americans
Shared Characteristics of Greater Middle East Urbanization
- Physical geography
- freshwater deficiency - Cultural geography dominated by Islam
- judaism, christianity, islam - Relative location between 3 continents
- Europe, Africa, Asia
Primacy VS Rank-Size Rule
Gulf states and central Asian countries = primacy
Yemen, Syria, Libya, Israel = dual primacy
Iran and Morocco = complex city structure
Biggest Middle Eastern Cities to date
Cairo = 18mill Istanbul = 14mill Tehran = 8mill
2 Drivers of Urbanization in Middle East
- Population Growth
2. Migration
4 names for Market
- Souk (arabic)
- Bazaar (persian)
- Pazar (turkish)
- Shuks (hebrew)
Label 5 rings of the Concentric Ring (inner to outer)
Kasbah (citadel), Medina (old city), Colonial City (new city), Postcolonial City (modern city), Future City (urban expansion)
5 Historical Trends in Urbanization
- Classical Period
- Medieval
- Renaissance
- Industrial
- Post-war Divergence (market vs central planning)
When was Classical Period
800BCE - 450
When was Medieval Period
450 - 1300
When was Renaissance Period
1300 - 1760
When was Industrial Period
1760 - 1945
When was Post-war Divergence Period
1945 - 1990
European patterns of Urbanization
- Central place theory
- Conurbations
- Core Periphery Model
Describe Conurbations
- cities coming together into conurbations
- 50 conurbations in Europe
- largest Rhine-Ruhr conurbation (110km diameter)
What are factors of Cores from the Core Periphery Model
- location of economic activity
- access to world markets
- connected cities
- attractive labour force
- government policies
Distinctive features of European Cities
- slow growth (0.2)
- accelerated deindustrialization and decentralization
- town square
- pedestrian streets
- landmarks (outdoor art, monuments, fountains, etc)
- active transportation (walking, biking)
- public transit (LRT, trolleys, buses, trains)
- urban agriculture
Name 1 London Railway Station
Kings Cross
Big parks in Europe
- Richmond Park
- Hyde Park
- Bushy Park
3 European City Structure Models
- Northwestern European City Structure
- Mediterranean City Structure
- Central & Eastern European City Structure
What is Galactic Metropolis
describes how economic and spatial structure reinforced connections among seemingly disparate spatial elements that created a geometry that favoured urban centres
