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Integumentary > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

skin

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2
Q

What are the layers of the skin from outer to inner

A

epidermis & dermis

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3
Q

what layer of the skin is vascular? Avascular?

A

dermis is vascular & epidermis is avascular

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4
Q

what are the functions of the skin?

A

protection, sensation, fluid maintenance, immunity, thermoregulation

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5
Q

What is deep to the dermis & its function?

A

hypodermis; allow organs to slide over the cutaneous tissue

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6
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, & stratium corneum

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7
Q

what is the thickest layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum spinosum

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8
Q

what is the purpose of the stratum spinosum

A

help skin withstand friction & shear forces

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9
Q

what is the function of the stratum granulosum

A

prevent water/fluid loss

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10
Q

what is the function of the stratum lucidum

A

protection from environment

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11
Q

what happens in the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes become corneacytes

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12
Q

what are the primary cells in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan cells, merkel cells

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13
Q

where are melanocytes located?

A

b/t basale & spinosum

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14
Q

what is the function of the melanocytes?

A

give the skin its pigmentation

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15
Q

where are langerhan cells located?

A

in the spinosum

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16
Q

where are merkel cells located?

A

in the stratum basale

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17
Q

whats the function of the merkel cells

A

detect light touch

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18
Q

what are the cells that make up the dermis?

A

fibroblasts, meissner’s corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, hair follicles

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19
Q

what is the purpose of fibroblasts?

A

generate collagen (type 1) & elastin

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20
Q

what is the purpose of meissner’s corpuscles?

A

detect light touch

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21
Q

what is the purpose of pacinian corpuscles?

A

detect deep pressure & vibration

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22
Q

Erosion is classified as what?

A

superficial; epidermal loss only

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23
Q

what are clinical signs of erosion?

A

erythema, & min to no bleeding

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24
Q

Partial thickness wounds are classified as what?

A

loss of dermis & epidermis

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25
Q

what is the clinical sign of a partial thickness wound?

A

bleeding

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26
Q

Full thickness wounds are classified by what?

A

loss of epidermis, dermis, & hypodermis

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27
Q

what are clinical signs of full thickness wounds?

A

possible exposure of bone/tendon/lig/mm

28
Q

What are the phases of healing?

A

hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling

29
Q

what are clinical signs of hemostasis

A

inflammation & edema

30
Q

when does hemostasis occur?

A

less than 1 hr post injury

31
Q

when does the inflammation phase occur?

A

1 hr-4 days post injury

32
Q

what are clinical signs of the inflammation phase?

A

increased body temp; rubor, tumor, dolor, calor

33
Q

what is the goal of the inflammation phase of healing?

A

increase circulation to site of injury

34
Q

what are characteristics of hemostasis phase?

A

platelet aggregation; cellular action & clot formation; arterial vasoconstriction; influx of neutrophils

35
Q

what are characteristics of inflammation phase?

A

vasodilation; leukocyte & macrophage formation; angiogensis; autolytic debridment

36
Q

when does the proliferation phase of healing occur

A

4-12 days post injury

37
Q

what are clinical signs of the proliferation phase

A

red/granulated tissue; re-epithelialization occurs after granulation tissue

38
Q

what are characteristics of proliferation phase of healing

A

angiogensis of small vessels; formation of new ECM; proliferation of fibroblasts; PG/collagen synthesis; granulation tissue formation

39
Q

what are the clinical signs of the maturation/remodeling phase of healing

A

blanching of skin

40
Q

what are primary characteristics of maturation/remodeling phase of healing

A

wound contraction; fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion; melanocyte aggregation; increased tensile strength; collagen replacement

41
Q

what is recidivism?

A

reoccurrence of wounds in same area due to decreased tensile strength

42
Q

what is healing by primary intention?

A
  • min tissue loss
  • good approximation
  • no scab formation secondary to min cell death
  • heals in approx 2 wks
43
Q

what is healing by delayed primary (tertiary) intention?

A
  • debris/pathogens in wound
  • granuloma results
  • marked inflammatory response
44
Q

what is secondary intention?

A

usual healing process for non-surgical wounds

45
Q

what is the ECM composed of?

A

collagen, elastin, PGs

46
Q

what is the purpose of collagen?

A

helps formulate new tissue

47
Q

what is the purpose of elastin

A

gives stretch properties

48
Q

what is the purpose of PGs?

A

act as adhesive property of tissue

49
Q

what is the normal range of WBC count

A

4.5-11

50
Q

what happens /c increased WBC? Decreased?

A 
increased = infection or trauma
decreased = decreased immune response to bacteria
51
Q

what is the normal hemoglobin range?

A

12-18 g/dL

52
Q

what happens /c increased hemoglobin? Decreased?

A 
increased = wound fails to progress
decreased = wound fails to progress, pale appearacne
53
Q

what is the normal hematocrit level?

A

36-50%

54
Q

what happens /c increased and decreased hematocrit?

A 
increased = sign of thrombi/emboli
decreased = wound fails to progress/pale
55
Q

what is normal prothrombin time? (INR)

A

2.5 seconds

56
Q

what happens /c increased and decreased INR?

A 
increased = bleeds easy
decreased = increased clotting
57
Q

what is the normal HbA1C level?

A

= 5.7%

58
Q

what happens /c increased HbA1C

A

delayed wound healing

59
Q

what is the normal glucose range?

A

<100 mg/dL

60
Q

what happens /c increased glucose level

A

delayed wound healing

61
Q

explain the red, yellow, black wound classifications

A
  • red = clean, healing, granulating
  • yellow = possible infection, need to be cleaned, presence of necrotic tissue
  • black = wound is necrotic & needs cleaning
62
Q

what is the “national pressure ulcer advisory panel pressure ulcer staging system” used for

A

classifying pressure ulcers; used to describe wound severity, organize treatment protocols, & select & reimburse treatment products

63
Q

What are the wagner ulcer grades?

A

0: preulcerative lesions; healed ulcers; presence of bony deformity
1: superficial ulcer w/o subcutaneous tissue involvement
2: penetration through subcutaneous tissue; may expose bone, tendon, lig, jt capsule
3: osteitis, abscess, osteomyelitis
4: gangrene of digit
5: gangrene of foot

64
Q

what is the wagner ulcer classification used for commonly?

A

assessment of diabetic foot ulcers

65
Q

what is the university of texas treatment based diabetic foot classification system used for?

A

when neuropathy is present & info needed abt infection & circulation

66
Q

what are the values for the university of texas tx based diabetic foot classification system?

A 
A = wound depth
B = infection
C = ischemia 
D = infection &amp; ischemia

Integumentary (1 decks)

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