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Cardiopulmonary Rehab > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the thorax?

A

cover and protect major organs of cardiopulmonary system

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2
Q

What is the “angle of louis”?

A

level of bifurcation of the trachea into R & L main bronchi stems

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3
Q

What are the true ribs (vertebrosternal)

A

1-7

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4
Q

what are the false ribs (vertebrochondral)

A

8-10

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5
Q

what are the floating ribs (vertebral)

A

11-12

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6
Q

Why would a chest tube need to be placed above the ribs?

A

to avoid trauma of the inferior vasculature and nerve supply

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7
Q

what does the mediastinum contain

A

thoracic viscera; EXCLUDING the lungs

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8
Q

where does the mediastinum lie?

A

b/t R & L pleura of lungs

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9
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Outer most layer of heart

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10
Q

outer layer of pericardium is called what?

A

parietal pericardium

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11
Q

inner, smooth, thin layer of the pericardium is called what?

A

visceral pericardium

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12
Q

What does the myocardium facilitate?

A

pumping due to its contractile elements

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13
Q

How much pericardial fluid is within the pericardial space?

A

10-20 mL

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14
Q

Myocardial cells promote what?

A

automaticity, rhythmicity, and conductivity

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15
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

innermost layer which lines the heart chambers

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16
Q

What is ranked first as leading cause of death?

A

heart disease

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17
Q

what are the layers of coronary arteries from outer to inner?

A

adventitia –> media –> intima

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18
Q

what layer of the coronary arteries does vasoconstrictor meds work on and why?

A

media; due to it is composed of smooth mm cells that adjust diameter of limen

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19
Q

what layer of coronary arteries do lipoproteins accumulate?

A

intima; due to it being selectively permeable to LDL

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20
Q

what two things are most likely to accumulate in the intima?

A

lipoproteins & fibrinogen

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21
Q

what are the layers of the intima?

A

endothelial layer, basement membrane, elastin, & collagen fibers

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22
Q

what is the primary driving force moving blood into myocardial tissue?

A

DBP

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23
Q

what does vasomotor tone do?

A

plays role in determining volume of blood passed along to tissue

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24
Q

what is resistance to flow commonly caused by?

A

atherosclerosis; (think about blockage)

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25
Q

explain LV end-diastolic pressure

A

pressure within the ventricle at end diastole

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26
Q

explain the relationship b/t the number of risk factors and likelihood of CAD/CHD

A

the more risk factors the greater the chance of acquiring CAD/CHD

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27
Q

what BP increases risk for CAD

A

140/90

28
Q

what HDL levels are considered risk factors for CVD

A

M: <40
F: <50

29
Q

what triglyceride level is considered high?

A

> 150 mg/dL

30
Q

are M or F more likely to have MI or CHD?

A

Males before age of 55; until Female hits menopause then its equal

31
Q

with a STEMI what will be present on the ECG

A

Q wave

32
Q

which is worse, V tach or V fib?

A

V fib; bc v tach turns into v fib & also bc rate could exceed 200 bpm

33
Q

what side effects will women experience /c angina?

A

atypical; s/s normally silent

34
Q

with angina, what happens to myocardial O2 demand?

A

increases but supply is unable to be fulfilled

35
Q

with printzmetal (variant) angina, what COULD be present on ECG?

A

ST segment elevation

36
Q

what is the best predictor of an MI?

A

ECG

37
Q

Factors that contribute to unstable angina?

A
  1. circadian variations in catecholamine levels
  2. increase in plasma viscosity
  3. increases in platelet activation
  4. pathological changes in atherosclerotic plaques
38
Q

What is STEMI a result of?

A

complete occlusion of major coronary artery

39
Q

What is a non STEMI a result of?

A

partial (not complete) occlusion of major coronary artery

40
Q

if the R coronary artery is occluded, what area of the heart is affected?

A

inferior portion of the heart

41
Q

what are complications /c R coronary artery infarcts?

A

AV block and/or arrhythmias

42
Q

Left main coronary artery occlusion result in infarcts and what damage?

A

anterior and lateral heart; pump dysfunction

43
Q

Left anterior descending artery occlusion results in infarcts and what damage?

A

anterior heart; pump dysfunction

44
Q

Circumflex artery occlusion results in infarcts and what damage?

A

lateral; no specific damage

45
Q

How soon should NTG be administered following angina?

A

within 20 min of onset

46
Q

what is aspirin used for when managing acute coronary syndrome

A

prevention of clot formation; break down clot

47
Q

what are the essentials for managing acute coronary syndrome?

A

aspirin, improve O2 perfusion, limitation of infarct size, prophylaxis (calm) arrhythmias, control other complications

48
Q

what is dyssynchrony

A

uncoordinated contractions /c adjacent segments

49
Q

what is hypokinesia

A

reduced strength of contraction

50
Q

what is akinesia

A

no contraction

51
Q

what are dyskinesis

A

abnormal contraction

52
Q

If you have a pt /c >40% involvement of the LV, what is your biggest concern

A

immediate death

53
Q

If you have a pt /c >15% involvement of the LV, what could result?

A

a drop in SV & elevated diastolic volume

54
Q

What factors affect ventricular remodeling

A
  1. size of infarct
  2. ventricular load
  3. patency of affected artery
55
Q

What does the prognosis of MI depend on?

A
  • complications
  • size of infarct
  • disease presence in other coronary arteries
  • LV function
56
Q

What are BP norms?

A 
normal = <120/80
pre = 120-139/80-89
S1= 140-159/90-99
S2= >159/99
57
Q

what are the major determinants of BP?

A

CO & TPR

58
Q

With HTN, increased pressure in LV could lead to what

A

LV hypertrophy

59
Q

If the LV has diastolic dysfunction as a result from hypertensive heart disease what results?

A

it will have issues /c relaxation (issues /c filling of LV)

60
Q

Systolic dysfunction results in what

A

heart failure /c reduced EF

61
Q

Diastolic dysfunction results in what

A

heart failure /c preserved EF

62
Q

With the use of beta blockers, what will be skewed and what should be monitored in its place?

A

HR will be skewed and RPE should be monitored

63
Q

What are the side effects of systolic heart failure?

A

decreased SV, EF; increased ESV; HFrEF

64
Q

what are the side effects of diastolic heart failure

A

impaired ventricle filling; impaired ventricle relaxation; increase in diastolic pressure; HFpEF

65
Q

what is the most common cause of CMD?

A

congestive heart faiure

66
Q

how does HTN contribute to CHF?

A

increase in arterial pressure results in LV hypertrophy which over stretches the contractile fibers

67
Q

what is the second most common cause of CMD?

A

CAD

Cardiopulmonary Rehab (1 decks)

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