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Ergonomics > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

occupational musculoskeletal injuries

A

a disorder of musculoskeletal and nervous system occurring in either upper or lower extremities, including backs, as a result of occupational tasks

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2
Q

injury of risk factors

A

repetitive motions, forceful exertions, sustained and/or awkward postures, vibration, mechanical compression

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3
Q

acute injuries

A

one load that exceeds tissue tolerance

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4
Q

chronic injuries

A

occurs with repetitive, sub-maximal loads over a prolonged period of time

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5
Q

why study occupational musculoskeletal injuries

A
  1. prevalence of human sufferance
  2. enormous cost of injury
  3. burden of medical system
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6
Q

why use occupational biomechanics to quantify the risk of musculoskeletal injuries?

A
  1. convincing management to make changes
  2. errors in subjective assessments
  3. limits of accident & injury statistics
  4. human rights and OHS legislation
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7
Q

back injury prevalence

A

accounts for 25% of all lost time claims

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8
Q

upper limb injuries occur when

A

prolonged exposure to the following; forces exceeding tissue tolerance, extreme postures, repetitive movements, duration of work

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9
Q

high impact claims

A

these injuries could cost the workplace insurance system more than 1.5$

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10
Q

causes of high impact claims

A

overexertion, repetitive movement or falls on the same level

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11
Q

minimize physical demands on the worker

A

engineering controls. automate mechanical loads, job redesign; a. reduce load b. modify tools c. improve workplace space layout. d. reduce vibration e. optimize work/ rest cycles

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12
Q

maximize workers ability to meet job demands

A

administrative controls. pre-placement screening, education/ training, fitness programs; strength and cardiovascular

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13
Q

injury risk is proportional to

A

demand/ capacity

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14
Q

capacity to demand ratio

A

capacity needs to be higher than the demand. if not enough rest is given, demand increases past capacity, and it’s not if the injury happens it’s when the injury happens that is the question

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15
Q

mechanical demands and human output

A

work physiology and anthropometry

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16
Q

work physiology

A

fatigue, whole body, local muscle, and physiological limits

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17
Q

anthropometry

A

averages, extreme individuals, other races

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18
Q

occupational biomechanics

A

task analysis and tissue tolerance

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19
Q

task analysis

A

tissue loads, duration, repetition, recovery time, posture

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20
Q

tissue tolerance

A

occupational musculoskeletal injury, acute injury, cumulative trauma

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21
Q

injury risk

A

tissue load/ tissue tolerance

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22
Q

what criteria does NIOSH look at

A

epidemiology, biomechanics, physiology, psychophysics

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23
Q

epidemiology

A

injury statistics and relating various task characteristics to the risk of injury

24
Q

biomechanics

A

the forces the causes injury

25
Q

physiology

A

the capacity to perform work to extended periods of time

26
Q

psychophysics

A

our ability to accurately perceive biomechanical and physiological loading

27
Q

81 AL

A

75% of women and 99% of men

28
Q

81 MPL

A

1% of women and 25% of men

29
Q

NIOSH H

A

the horizontal location of the load, middle of ankles to load (cm)

30
Q

NIOSH V

A

location of the load, at the beginning of the lift (cm)

31
Q

NIOSH D

A

vertical travel distance (min=25), orgin to destination (cm)

32
Q

NIOSH F

A

the frequency of lifting, lift/minute on average

33
Q

what would the best job design produce

A

1s

34
Q

81 engineering controls

A

redesigning the task, mechanical assists, repackaging to reduce loads

35
Q

81 administrative controls

A

adding personnel, job rotation (not that great), training programs, worker selection, worker placement

36
Q

81 acceptable lifting conditions

A

acceptable for 99% of males, acceptable for 99% of men

37
Q

81 strengths

A

simple to use, combines many approaches, calculates repetitive lifting effects, effect of each factor, very conservative, infinite range of conditions

38
Q

reasons for revising the lifting equation

A

asymmetrical loading, repetitive loading, need for revision of H - factor, effects of hand/ container coupling, emphasis on engineering controls, not changing the work, fitting the job to the worker

39
Q

the psychophysical criterion definition

A

the study of the relationship between sensations and their physical stimuli. it is the method that can be used to estimate acceptable loads based on an individual’s perception of what they can handle safelty and without fatigue

40
Q

snook assumptions

A

psychophysics can be used in ergonomics, integrates biomechanics and physiology, individuals can identify safe working conditions

41
Q

snook methods

A

control all lifting factors expect weight or duration, subjects determine; maximal acceptable weight (or duration) of lift (MAWL or MADL)

42
Q

snook inputs

A

percentile, gender, time per lift/lower

43
Q

snook experimenter sets

A

frequency, height, container size, distance traveled, used special shelf

44
Q

snooks modes of loading

A
  1. lift (a box filled with lead shot)
  2. lower (use special table)
  3. push (use force transducer)
  4. pull (walk on treadmill)
  5. carry (distance, frequency, and height)
45
Q

snook strengths

A

repetitive lifting, subjects were trained, used real industrial work, realistic simulation of industrial work, easy to use, differentiates between sexes, incorporates many mechanical factors, large number of subjects

46
Q

limitations

A

not all possible conditions, only symmetrical lifts- no twisting or bending, must interpolate, no account for rest periods, no objective justification, no account for load asymmetry, the validity of box width

47
Q

low back moment=

A

muscle force X distance

48
Q

muscle force =

A

low back moment/ distance

49
Q

compression tolerance limits

A

NIOSH; AL 3400N, MPL 6400 N. Mitel; male 3900N, female 2700N

50
Q

biomechanical software strengths

A

direct quantification, real numbers. gender-specific, allows for the analysis of individual postures, joint strength analysis, low frequency task

51
Q

biomechanical software limitations

A

difficult to use properly, time-consuming, limits are not frequency dependent, generally only one posture is analyzed

52
Q

physical descriptives of job

A

starting heights, end heights, load weight, push/pull force, grade of walking surface, the speed of walking, horizontal movement of load, time

53
Q

physical descriptives of worker

A

body weight, gender, body posture

54
Q

what approaches does the Mital tables use?

A

epidemiology criterion, biomechanical criterion, physiological/metabolic criterion, psychophysicap criterion

55
Q

epidemiological criterion

A

job severity index (JSI), integrates duration, frequency, weight, strength. a significant increase in injuries if JSI > 1.5. (margin of safety 33%) max load for JSI < 1.5 is 27 kg

56
Q

JSI equation

A

JSI= FxDxL/capacity

Ergonomics (1 decks)

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