Midterm

Question 1

Acquisition

Answer 1

When the stimulus initially establishes a response

Question 2

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 2

Occurrence of behavior learned through habituation or conditioning in the presence of stimulus that are different from the stimulus used during training

Question 3

Extinction

Answer 3

Elimination of a classical or operant contingency

Question 4

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 4

Recovery of a response produced by a period of rest after habituation or extinction

Question 5

Generalization

Answer 5

Tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

Question 6

Contiguity

Answer 6

How close two or more stimuli occur in time and space. Important to classical conditioning

Question 7

Delayed Conditioning

Answer 7

Conditioned stimulus is presented slightly before the unconditioned stimulus on each trial

Question 8

Backward Conditioning (Forward Chaining)

Answer 8

Last response or response component of chain is taught first because it is closest to the delivery of the reinforcer

Question 9

Habituation

Answer 9

Decrease in vigor of an elicited behavior

Question 10

Sensitization

Answer 10

Increase in responsivity

Question 11

Aversion Therapy

Answer 11

Patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort

Question 12

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

Answer 12

Patients receiving virtual reality therapy navigate through digitally created environments and complete specially designed tasks often tailored to treat a specific ailment

Question 13

An instance of learning

Answer 13

Classical Conditioning, Observational Conditioning, Associative Learning, and Operant Conditioning

Question 14

A behavior that illustrates learning

Answer 14

Can be either an increase or decrease in a particular response

Question 15

Mind-Body Dualism

Answer 15

Idea of Rene Descartes. Believed that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact to make a person

Question 16

Hypothesis

Answer 16

Scientific idea that is a testable explanation of some phenomenon

Question 17

Random Sampling

Answer 17

Participants are chosen at random

Question 18

State of Consciousness

Answer 18

Anything that varies from a normal state of awareness

Question 19

Operational Definition

Answer 19

Tells you how to recognize examples of learning and how to recognize non examples when you see them

Question 20

Behavioral Explanation

Answer 20

Behaviors are acquired through conditioning

Question 21

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 21

Automatic response established by training to a neutral stimulus

Question 22

Elimination of the CR

Answer 22

CS is presented repeatedly without the US

Question 23

Learning

Answer 23

Means by which organisms adjust to changes in their environment and then retain those adjustments

Question 24

Learned Response

Answer 24

Conditioned Response

Question 25

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 25

Elicits the response of interest without prior training

Question 26

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 26

Happens automatically and naturally

Question 27

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 27

Previously neutral, becomes associated with US, triggers CR. It is neutral before conditioning

Question 28

Simultaneous Conditioning

Answer 28

CS and US occur at the same time

Question 29

Trace Conditioning

Answer 29

Gap between CS and US

Question 30

Stimulus Substitution (Pavlov)

Answer 30

Classical conditioning occurred because CS became a substitute for the US by being paired closely together

Question 31

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 31

Operant conditioning procedure of following a response with delivery of a desired reinforcer

Question 32

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 32

Response causes an undesired reinforcer to be removed or prevented

Question 33

Escape Conditioning

Answer 33

Form of Aversive Conditioning. Aversive stimulus is presented and participant responds by leaving stimulus situation

Question 34

Avoidance Conditioning

Answer 34

Subject is taught to avoid punishment

Question 35

Punishment

Answer 35

Eliminating operant responses by following them with presenting undesired stimulus or removing desired stimuli

Question 36

Counterconditioning

Answer 36

Conditioning of unwanted behavior or response to a stimulus into a wanted behavior or response by association of positive actions with the stimulus

Question 37

John Watson is best described as

Answer 37

Concerned with observable behavior as it relates to observable events in the environment

Question 38

In simultaneous conditioning, the CS is presented at the same time as the US

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

In backward conditioning, the CS is presented at the same time as the US

Answer 39

No

Question 40

In trace conditioning, was the CS remedied before the US appeared

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

In delayed conditioning, was the CS removed before the US appeared

Answer 41

No