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PAS 252 Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

Midterm

1
Q

Measurement is the process of

A

assigning numbers to the observations on some variable

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2
Q

Nominal

A

mere category designation e.g., intended college major, political party affiliation

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3
Q

Ordinal

A

ranks. e.g., birth order among siblings

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4
Q

Interval

A

scores on most tests of unobservable mental functioning. E.g., math ability, level of confidence. ABSENCE of absolute zero

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5
Q

Ratio

A

scores on most measures in the physical world, including measures of speed or reaction time. E.g., weight, running speed, PRESENCE of absolute zero

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6
Q

Discrete

A

whether the underlying construct an theoretically be measured in only discrete values. E.g., sex ( binary thought)

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7
Q

Continuous

A

If you could theoretically measure IQ to an infinite number of decimal places, despite scores being reported as whole numbers only ( average number of children among families, e.g., 1.8)

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8
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Are used to describe the participants in a sample. Includes means and standard deviations.

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9
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Are used to learn ( or infer) about a larger population through the use of a sample

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10
Q

In order to use inferential statistics, the sample must be

A

representative, meaning that it has properties similar to that of the population. E.g., a representative sample: should be similar in almost all respects to the population of interest

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11
Q

Representative samples are drawn through different __________ techniques.

A

Sampling

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12
Q

One of the most commonly used sampling techniques is:

A

simple random sampling.

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13
Q

Simple random sampling is the process in which every person in the population has the opportunity included in

A

selecting every nth person.

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14
Q

Selecting every 10th person from a list of possible participants is an example of which kind of sampling

A

simple random sampling

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15
Q

Stratified random sampling involves

A

dividing the population into categories and then drawing random samples from these categories

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16
Q

In which type of sampling is proportion of each category maintained?

A

Stratified random sampling

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17
Q

If you knew that the population of your school was 60% males and 40% females, you would want your sample to contain 60% males and 40% females in which sampling technique

A

Stratified random sampling

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18
Q

Cluster samplings involves

A

selecting among pre-determined groups, such as classes or teams

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19
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A

Sampling in which selections are from predetermined groups.

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20
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Is taking a sample from these subjects that are available for the study at that particular time or who volunteered to participate.

21
Q

Convenience samples may not provide you with a _______ _________

A

Representative sample

22
Q

The independent variable

A

is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher

It is expected to bring about a difference in another variable

23
Q

The dependent variable

A

is the variable that is believed to be changed by the independent variable. It is what is observed in a research study

24
Q

Confounding variable is

A

a set of variables that coexist with the independent variable and have unwanted effect on the dependent variable.

25
Q

Hypothesis is

A

an educated guess about what is expected to happen in a research study. Worded in terms of the effect the independent variable will have on the dependent variable.

26
Q

The Alternate hypotheses indicate that

A

the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable.

27
Q

Alternate hypothesis can take two forms:

A

direction or non directional

28
Q

Directional hypotheses indicate

A

that the independent variable is thought to impact the dependent variable in a specific direction (make the dependent variable increase or make the dependent variable decrease)

29
Q

Non directional hypotheses

A

do not indicate a specific direction in which the independent variable will cause the dependent variable to change, meaning that the dependent variable may increase or decrease

30
Q

The null hypothesis states that

A

the independent variable will have NO EFFECT on the dependent variable.

31
Q

The null hypothesis states that there will be indifference in the independent variable, regardless of

A

what is done with the independent variable

32
Q

What kind of hypotheses has the independent variable NOT have an effect on the dependent variable?

A

Null

33
Q

What kind of hypotheses has the independent variable DOES have an effect on the dependable variable?

A

Alternative

34
Q

Research can never prove the alternative

A

to be true

35
Q

A teacher is interested in obtaining feedback from their students regarding their opinion of the class. However, they have more than 500 students in the class. SO, he decide to take a sample.In order to avoid bias, he divides his class into sections based on their grades and samples 10 students from each section. What type of sampling strategy is the teacher using?

A

Stratified sampling technique

36
Q

A researcher is interested in seeing how a new type of drug effects sleep in rats, The researcher gives some rats the drug and the other rats no drug. The researcher then monitors their sleep. What is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable?

A

The independent variable is the drug

the dependent variable is the amount of sleep

37
Q

A researcher is interested in seeing how a new type of drug effects sleep in rats, The researcher gives some rats the drug and the other rats no drug. The researcher then monitors their sleep. He finds that rats with the drug tend to sleep more than those without the drug. They decide to see if sleep effect can be offset by the presentation of light. Every rat is given the drug, half are placed in a well-lit chamber, while the other half are in a dark chamber. What is the independent and dependent variable?

A

The independent variable is now the presence of light

The dependent variable is the amount of sleep

38
Q

A developmental psychologist is interested in how children’s math skills develop as they age. The psychologist monitors the development of math skills in a random sample of children as they progress from 1st to 6th grade. What is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable?

A

The independent variable is grade or time or age

Dependent variable is math ability

39
Q

A researcher is interested in seeing how a new type of drug effects sleep in rats, The researcher gives some rats the drug and the other rats no drug. The researcher then monitors their sleep. He finds that rats with the drug tend to sleep more than those without the drug. They decide to see if sleep effect can be offset by the presentation of light. Every rat is given the drug, half are placed in a well-lit chamber, while the other half are in a dark chamber. What is the independent and dependent variable? What is the null and alternate hypothesis

A

The null hypotheses is the presence of light will not affect the amount of time spent sleeping by rats taking the drug
The alternative hypotheses is that the presence of light will affect the amount of time spent sleeping by rats taking the drug

40
Q

Systemic random sampling involves randomly selecting participants from distinct categories within the population

A

FALSE

41
Q

Joe decided to pick his softball team by selecting every other person available to play. This is simple random sampling

A

FALSE

42
Q

The goal of stratified is to have the characteristics of your sample be similar to those of the population

A

TRUE

43
Q

Convenience sampling is among the optimal methods of sampling?

A

FALSE

44
Q

Confounding variables are desirable in research studies?

A

FALSE

45
Q

Why are representative samples important when doing research? What is the best method to use when trying to obtain a representative sample?

A

Representative samples are necessary to draw valid conclusions about the population in which the samples originated. If the sample is not representative, the inferential statistical techniques that are used may be incorrect. The optimal method to obtain a representative sample is a simple random sampling.

46
Q

Why is convenience sampling not the optimal choice when choosing a sample strategy?

A

Convenience sampling is using whatever subjects happens to be available. This method is not ideal because those that are available may not be representative of the larger population of study,

47
Q

What is the purpose of the null hypotheses?

A

The null hypotheses serves a statistical/probability purpose. It represents what should be found if there was no effect of the independent variable. The purpose of research is to find support for the alternative hypotheses.

48
Q

What is stated in the alternative hypotheses?

A

The independent variable will impact the dependent variable

49
Q

A scientist is interested in determining how a new type of chemical affects engine parts. The scientist places chemical on 20 engines and compare how well these engines run n comparison to 20 engines without the chemical. Would the hypotheses for this study be directional or non-directional? Why or why not?

A

This study is non-directional as the scientist is uncertain of how the engine will be affected by the chemical

PAS 252 Midterm (1 decks)

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