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Animal Behaviour (U of R) > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

Change in behaviour that occurs with an opportunity to practice

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2
Q

Why is learning contradictory?

A

Behaviour changes=learning
BUT
Learning is responsible for the change

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3
Q

What are two kinds of learning and their definitions?

A

Non associative-
Situation independent; single action for when task is stationary or best action when non stationary; single stimulus

Associative-
situation dependent; actions best for situation; relationship between two stimuli

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4
Q

Types of non associative learning.

A

Habituation

  • stimulus becomes less effective the more times org responds
  • distinguish between novel stimuli and others
  • response to repeated stimulus decreases over time
  • ex: don’t hear AC after it’s been running for a while

Sensitization

  • Response increases with harmful stimuli
  • One stimulus heightens response to other stimulus
  • ex: people jumpy after disasters
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5
Q

Types of associative learning.

A

Classical conditioning

  • links two or more stimuli and events
  • famous- dog and bell from Pavlov; bell(no response)—> bell+food (response) —> bell(response)
  • E1- conditional stimulus (bell)
  • E2- usual stimulus/ reinforcer (food)

Operant conditioning

  • animal has to do something to get reward
  • if Rat pushes button then it gets food
  • consequence of behaviour is food
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6
Q

How do ethologists vs psychologists look at learning behaviour?

A

Ethologists only observe

Psychologists use the types of learning as they are highly experimental

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7
Q

What’s the general process theory?(GTP)
What’s principle of equipotentiality?
Are these true?

A

GTP is E2 and E1 at same time
E1 more intense meaning faster learning
E2 increases which causes faster learning

Ep is anyone can learn anything

Aren’t true

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8
Q

Explain food adversion experiments

A
  • If animal eats monarch butterfly they get sick and learn not to eat it anymore
  • Long E1 and E2 interval
  • Contradicts GPT
  • Associates flavour with illness
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9
Q

What are age limits to learning?

A

-Older is harder to learn

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10
Q

What has come from nature vs nurture debate?

A
  • Psychologists simplistic view from simple approach
  • Ethologists more natural
  • Meaning, we can’t know for sure how much of behaviour is genetic or env. Both important
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11
Q

What are innate behaviours?

A

Behaviours that don’t need to be practiced and therefore not learned

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12
Q

How do animals learn? How is behaviour passed on?

A

A) trial and error
B) copy
C) genetic

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13
Q

How do individuals of same species behave similar?

A

Same genetic makeup

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14
Q

How do bats not run into each other?

A

Echolocation

Make sound that bounces off stuff

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15
Q

What are three types of receptors?

A

1) Enteroreceptors- internal state of org
2) Proprioreceptors- relationship between body parts
3) Exteroreceptors- detect things outside body

Ex: lift cup ; arm says cup is half empty (prop) and eyes say it is half empty (extero)

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16
Q

What are five main things of vision?

A

1) Sensitivity
2) Resolution
3) Direction
4) Wavelength
5) Polarization

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17
Q

What is sensitivity vs resolution?

A

Sensitivity

  • amount of lenses
  • spiders

Resolution

  • size of lens (diameter)
  • see details
  • big lens- smaller angle; see things closer; vertebrates
  • Best- smaller lenses
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18
Q

How many mins do we need 1 photon of light to sense light?

A

45 mins

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19
Q

What’s a wavelength?

A
  • The wave part of light

- larger intervals for larger numbers

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20
Q

What wavelength can’t insects see?
Who can see infrared?
Who can detect infared with nose pit?

A

Red
Rattlesnake
Bat heat sensitive

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21
Q

What colours can humans see?

A

Red (420), green(534), yellow(564)

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22
Q

What are two receptors in humans?

A

Cons and rods

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23
Q

Why do dogs have more rods than cones?

A

Rods are black and white.

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24
Q

What are two responses to stimuli?

A

Kinesis
-intensity of stimuli dictates movement

Taxis
-direction of stimuli dictates direction of movement

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25
Q

What are mechanical stimuli?

A

Touch
Vibration
Sound

26
Q

What’s a sense cell?

A

What the stimuli triggers

27
Q

What do vibrations allow animals to sense?

A

Size of prey

Attract mates

28
Q

How is sound perceived?

A

Ear converts sound waves to action potential

29
Q

What can sound show?

A
  1. Direction of sound
  2. Intensity
  3. Frequency of sound (women have higher frequency than males)
30
Q

Sensitivity and resolution in sound?

A

Sensitivity- how high or low animal hears

Resolution- how well you can discriminate between frequencies

31
Q

How do humans hear?

A 
Sound hits eardrum 
Causes movement in three bones 
Hits oval window 
Fluid vibrations
Hair in ear detect vibrations
Send signals to brain of frequency
32
Q

How do bats echo locate without damaging ears?

A

Can uncouple inner ear bones

33
Q

Do low and high frequency sounds travel far or short?

A

Low far

High short

34
Q

Active vs passive stimuli

A

Active- sound

Passive- vision

35
Q

What’s electro sense?

A

Only in water

Detect diff change in fluid depending on object

36
Q

Two types of olfaction

A

Taste- short range

Smell- long range

37
Q

What info is provided by senses?

A

Directionality and source

38
Q

What’s motivation?

A 
Force behind seeking of a consumultary stimulus
Force behind a behaviour 
Sex
Thirst
Food
39
Q

Three types of motivation studies?

A

Observation
-Watch behaviour to stimulus

Manipulator
-stimulate manually and then watch (cut nerve and see what happens)

Modelling
1)flush toilet model- interaction between motivation and stimuli

2)graphical model
High mot= less stimulus needed
Low mot = more stimulus needed

40
Q

How are hormones related to motivation?

A

Usually reproduction
Hormones are internal motivation for behaviour
Help tell time

41
Q

What is communication?

A
  • analyzing signals which produce certain activity and circumstance to which behaviour happens
  • only occurs when response from receiver is altered
  • interaction between signal and response
42
Q

Two categories of communication

A

1) graded
- analog
- variability in signal
- how wide a dogs mouth is open

2) discreet
- digital
- on or off
- dog is mean or not mean

43
Q

What is enrichment?

What are the six forms?

A

Method animals use to add info to signals they put out.

1) Fading time
- how long for signal to fade out or in

2) Distance
- how far signal travels

3) Duration
- how long something does something

4) Composite signals
- signals A B C
- some signals fit together; some have sequences

5) Metacommunication
- communication of other acts of communication
- nonverbal cues

6) Context
- situation communication is in
- same signal in diff contexts have diff meanings

44
Q

Four ways to analyze communication?

A

1) Function
2) Evolution
3) Channel
4) Cost and benefit

45
Q

What are four functions of communication?

A
  • message- basic unit of communication
    1) Recognition- Enable recognition of each other and self
    2) Danger- alarm calls to warn each other of danger
    3) Assembly and recruitment- calling members of group to do something (assembly) and using signals to direct member to specific spot (recruitment)
    4) Sexual behaviour- advertisement, courtship, bonding, copulation, post copulation
46
Q

What are the two origins of communication?

A
  1. Semanticization- more useful for communication
  2. Ritualized- how much behaviour to send signals
    - movement altered to make it more effective
47
Q

How are channels used in communication? (Five)

A

Nature of signal

1) Chemical
- pheromones
- cheap, long range, lifespan of signal long
- last long time to hard to switch signals

2) Acoustic
- flow around obstacles, low Cost, range, simple to make, fades quick, rapid transfer
- sound is directional, complex to receive, can eavesdrop

3) Tactile
- Intimacy she orgs know each other

4) Visual
- directionality, fast response,
- only useful under light, not useful by self

5) Electrical
- prey detection
- voltage gradient detectable
- works in dark, no eves-dropping, flow around objects
- only good in water
- short range

48
Q

How are coats and benefits used in communication? Two approaches

A

Economic approach

Optimal foraging
-how animals feed to maximize energy needs

49
Q

Two major costs to communication?

A

Predation

Energetic costs

50
Q

How to measure Energy use.

A

Measure oxygen consumption and use stable isotopes

51
Q

What is evolutionary stable strategies?

A

-When behaviour is adopted by an individual it can’t be invaded by another behaviour

52
Q

How would evolutionary stable strategies effect evolution?

A

Depends on what competitor is doing to effect evolution

53
Q

How does an individual decide fight or flight?

A

Competitors strength and individuals strength

54
Q

Why don’t individuals cheat?

A

Hard to fake strength

55
Q

Two ways animals exploit others?

A

Manipulation
-Actively changing victims behaviour

Mind reading

  • Knowing what victim is going to do
  • Predict things from communication
56
Q

How are non selfish behaviours explained? (4 altruism hypothesis’s)

A

1) Mutualism
2) Deception- receiver tricks indv that does altruistic behaviour

3) Kin selection- parents do things that are benefitted to their offspring (genes passed down)
- relatives do this too
- coefficient of relatedness
- siblings may help parents raise young
- need to recognize kin

4) Reciprocal Altruism
- Indv A helps B and gets reciprocated at later time
- works when opportunity is high that two indv will meet again
- Vampire bats

57
Q

Explain altruism of social insects

A

Helps queen breed
All share genes
Females are sterile so they help mother
Offspring will pass on genetic info by helping mother

58
Q

What does natural selection favour?

A

Individuals better adapted to environment

59
Q

Ethology vs psychology and when the converged

A

Ethology is natural, not experimental and causal
Psychology is lab controlled experiments. Framework for causal factors

Converged when Darwin’s theory of evolution and to be

60
Q

What are the ways ethologists vs psychologists think animals behave a certain way?

A

Ethology- what causes the behaviour and stimuli?
-why does natural selection maintain behaviour?

Psych- how does behaviour develop?
-what’s the evolutionary history?

61
Q

What are two ways of looking at evolution of behaviour?

A

Proximate

  • how questions
  • genetics
  • learning

ultimate

  • why questions
  • evolutionary causes (advantage)

Animal Behaviour (U of R) (1 decks)

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