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Child Psychopathology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is nosologies?

A

The efforts to classify psychiatric disorders into descriptive categories

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2
Q

What is stigma in this context?

A

A cluster of negative attitudes & beliefs which motivates fear, rejection, avoidance, & discrimination with respect to people with mental illnesses

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3
Q

What is competence?

A

the ability to successfully adapt in the environment

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4
Q

What is developmental competence?

A

A child’s ability to use internal & external resources to achieve successful adaptation

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5
Q

What are developmental tasks?

A

Broad domains of competence such as conduct, & academic achievement, tell how children typically progress within each domain as they grow

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6
Q

What is a developmental pathway?

A

The sequence & timing of particular behaviors & possible relationships between behaviors over time

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7
Q

What is multifinality?

A

The concept that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings

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8
Q

What is equifinality?

A

The concept that similar outcomes stem from different early experiences & developmental pathways

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9
Q

What is a protective factor?

A

A personal or situational variable that reduces the chances for a child to develop a disorder

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10
Q

Internalizing problems:

A

include anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, & withdrawn behaviors

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11
Q

Externalizing problems:

A

Encompass more acting-out behaviors (ex: aggression & delinquent behaviors)

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12
Q

What are the protective triad resources & health-promoting events that are connected to a resilient child?

A
  1. individual opportunities
  2. close family ties
  3. opportunities for indv. & family support from community resources
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13
Q

What does defining a psychological disorder involve?

A

Agreement about particular patterns of behavioral, cognitive, & physical symptoms shown by an individual

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14
Q

What is resiliency?

A

the ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk for psychopathology

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15
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest & increases the chances that the outcome will occur

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16
Q

What is the study of the causes of childhood disorders?

A

etiology

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17
Q

What is developmental psychopathology?

A
  • An approach to describing & studying disorders of childhood, adolescence, & beyond in a manner that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes & tasks.
  • It also emphasizes the role of developmental processes, the importance of context, & the influence of multiple interactions in shaping adaptive/maladaptive dev.
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18
Q

Interdependent:

A

how the child & the environment influence eachother

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19
Q

What is a transaction?

A

The dynamic interaction between a child & the environment

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20
Q

What is continuity?

A

implies that developmental changes are gradual & quantitative (ex: height & weight) & that future behavior patterns can be predicted from earlier patterns

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21
Q

What is discontinuity?

A

Developmental changes are abrupt & qualitative (ex: changes in mood or expression) & that future behavior is poorly predicted by earlier patterns

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22
Q

Developmental cascades:

A

the process a child’s previous interactions & experiences may spread across other systems & alter his/her course of development (like a chain reaction)

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23
Q

What is adaptational failure?

A

failure to master or progress in accomplishments of dev. milestones

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24
Q

What is organization of development?

A

early patterns of adaptation, (ex: infant eye contact), evolve with structure over time & transform into higher-order functions such as speech & language

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25
Q

What are sensitive periods?

A

windows of time during which environmental influences on development, both good & bad, are enhanced

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26
Q

What is pruning?

A

reduces the number of connections in a way that gradually shapes & differentiates important brain functions

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27
Q

Epigenetics:

A

underlying biological changes to genetic structure

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28
Q

What are behavioral genetics?

A

investigates possible connections between genetic predisposition & observed behavior, taking env. into account

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29
Q

What are molecular genetics?

A

research methods that directly assess the association between variations in DNA sequences & variations

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30
Q

What is epidemiological research?

A

study of the incidence, prevalence, & co-occurrence of childhood disorders & competencies in clinic-referred & community samples

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31
Q

Incidence rates:

A

new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time

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32
Q

Prevalence rates:

A

all cases, whether new or previously existing, observed during a specified amount of time

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33
Q

The scientific approach is an ____ way of investigating claims?

A

organized

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34
Q

Mediatior variables:

A

process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome

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35
Q

Moderator variables:

A

influence the direction or strength of the relationship of variables of interest

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36
Q

Reliability:

A

consistency, or repeatability, of results obtained using a specific method of measurement

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37
Q

Validity:

A

it measures the dimension/construct that the researcher set out to measure

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38
Q

Define Psychological Disorders?

A

a pattern of behavioral, cognitive, or physical symptoms that includes one or more of the following prominent features: (a) some degree of distress in the subject; (b) behavior indicating some degree of disability; (c) increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom

39
Q

Which behaviors are more commonly found in boys?

A

Hyperactivity, autism, childhood disruptive behavior disorders, learning & communication disorders

40
Q

Which behaviors are more commonly found in girls?

A

Anxiety disorders, adolescent depression, & eating disorders

41
Q

Gene-Environment Interaction (GxE):

A

complex interchanges between nature & nurture & are affected by genetic, environment influences, & the timing of when they meet

42
Q

What do the frontal lobes contain?

A

contain the functions underlying most of our thinking & reasoning abilities

43
Q

What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis?

A

hypothalamus control center, with the pituitary & adrenal glands, make up a regulatory system in the brain (has implications for several disorders)

44
Q

What is emotional reactivity?

A

Individual differences in the threshold and intensity of the emotional experience, which can provide clues to a person’s distress and sensitivity to the environment

45
Q

What is emotional regulation?

A

Enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal for a specific purpose or goal

46
Q

What is temperament?

A

a child’s organized style of behavior that appears early in life and shapes a child’s approach to their environment. Maybe linked to psychopathology or risk conditions

47
Q

What is self-regulation?

A

balance between emotional reactivity and self-control, best for normal and healthy adjustment

48
Q

What is Applied Behavioral Analysis?

A

Examines the relationships between behavior and its antecedents and consequences

49
Q

What is social cognition?

A

how children think about themselves and others which forms mental representations of themselves, relationships and their social world

50
Q

The Scientific Approach:

A

way of thinking about how best to understand & answer questions on interest, not just an accumulation of specific methods, practices, or procedures

51
Q

Does one single study advance the field?

A

False. An accumulation of findings help to advance the field.

52
Q

What is Facilitated Communication (FC)?

A

a facilitator provides manual assistance by lightly holding a child’s hand, wrist, or arm, while the child supposedly communicates by typing on a keyboard or pointing to letters on an alphabet board

53
Q

What is pseudoscience?

A

demonstrations of benefit are based on anecdotes or testimonials, the child’s baseline abilities & the possibility of spontaneous improvement are ignored

54
Q

What is treatment efficacy?

A

whether the treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions

55
Q

What is treatment effectiveness?

A

whether the treatment can be shown to work in clinical practice, not just well-controlled research settings

56
Q

What are the ways we study behavior?

A
  • Interviews
  • Questionnaires
  • Checklists
  • Imaging
  • Performance measures
  • Direct observations of behavior
57
Q

What does an electroencephalonogram (EEG) do?

A

biomarker to link the brain’s measurable electrical activity with ongoing thinking, emotion, or state of arousal

58
Q

What does neuroimaging examine?

A

the structure, connections, and/or functions of the living brain

59
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

based on the hypothesis, expected to cause change in another variable. Manipulated by the researcher

60
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

influenced by the independent variable

61
Q

What is measured in qualitative research?

A

focuses on narrative accounts, description, interpretation, context and meaning.

62
Q

What is assent?

A

means that the child shows some form of agreement to participate without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research

63
Q

What are clinical assessments?

A

systematic problem-solving strategies to understand children with disturbances in their family & school

64
Q

What is idiographic case formulation?

A

detailed understanding of the individual child or family as a unique entity

65
Q

What is nomothetic formulation?

A

emphasizes broad general inferences that apply to large groups of individuals

66
Q

Who is at greater risk for being misdiagnosed, a norm child or a child from an ethnic minority?

A

ethnic minority children

67
Q

What are the 3 purposes of assessment?

A
  1. ) description/diagnosis to determine possible causes of the problem
  2. ) prognosis
  3. ) treatment planning/evaluation
68
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

analyzing information & drawing conclusions about the nature or cause of the problem

69
Q

What is a prognosis?

A

formulation of predictions about future behavior under specified conditions

70
Q

What are the ABC’s of assessment?

A

A=Antecedents, events that immediately precede a behavior
B=Behavior(s) of interest
C=Consequences, the events that follow a behavior

71
Q

What is a neuropsychological assessment?

A

attempts to link brain functioning with objective measures of behavior known to depend on an intact CNS

72
Q

What is classification?

A

system for representing the major categories of child psychopathology, & the boundaries & relations among them

73
Q

What is the cultural compatibility hypothesis?

A

states that treatment is more likely to be effective when it is compatible with the cultural patterns of the child and family

74
Q

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A

complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social communication & unusual behaviors & interests

75
Q

What is preservation of sameness in ASD?

A

anxious/obsessive insistence on the maintenance of sameness in daily routines & activities, which no one BUT the child may disrupt

76
Q

What are the 2 symptom domains for ASD?

A
  1. ) social communication & interaction

2. ) restricted/repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

77
Q

Social Communication & Interaction (DSM-5) lists 3 symptoms with all 3 required for ASD diagnosis:

A
  1. ) deficits in social-emotional reciprocity
  2. ) deficits in nonverbal communication behaviors used for social interaction
  3. ) deficits in developing, maintaining, & understanding relationships
78
Q

DSM-5 eliminated all previous subtypes of ASD, including:

A
  • Autistic Disorder
  • Asperger’s Disorder
  • Pervasive Dev Disorder
79
Q

Why is ASD considered a spectrum disorder?

A

Because its symptoms, abilities, & characteristics are expressed in many different combos & in any degree of severity

80
Q

What are the 3 critical factors that differentiate children with ASD?

A
  1. ) Level of Intellectual Ability
  2. ) Severity of their language problems
  3. ) Behavior changes with age
81
Q

What are the social deficits shown early on in children with ASD?

A
  • Lack of monitoring of the social activities of others
  • Lack of social/emotional reciprocity
  • Unusual nonverbal behaviors (ex: atypical facial expressions, eye-to-eye gaze, body postures, & gestures to regulate social interaction
  • Lack of interest/difficulty relating to others, especially w/ children
  • Failure to share enjoyment & interests with others
82
Q

What is the joint attention impairment associated with ASD?

A

the ability to coordinate attention to a social partner & an object or event of mutual interest

83
Q

What are Protoimperative Gestures?

A

gestures or vocalizations that are used to express needs (ex: pointing to a stuffed animal that is out of reach)

84
Q

What are Protodeclarative Gestures?

A

gestures or vocalizations that direct visual attention of other people to objects of shared interest

85
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

the appropriate use of language in social & communicative contexts

86
Q

What is echolalia?

A

a child’s parrot-like repetition of words or word combos that she/he has heard, either immediately after hearing them or later on

87
Q

What are repetitive/restrictive behaviors characterized by?

A

by their high frequency, repetition in a fixed manner, & desire for sameness in their environment

88
Q

What are self-stimulatory behaviors associated with ASD?

A

stereotyped as well as repetitive body movements of objects (ex: hand flapping or pencil spinning)

89
Q

What is a strong predictor of later functioning in ASD?

A

Intellectual Disability (ID)

90
Q

What is Mentalization or Theory of Mind (ToM)?

A

development of such an awareness of mental states in themselves & others

91
Q

When is the diagnosis of ASD usually made?

A

preschool

92
Q

Around what age period do ASD children show subtle/gradual loss in specific social skills?

A

between 6-18 mos

93
Q

What is etiology?

A
  • the study of the causes of childhood disorders

- considers how biological, env, & psychological processes interact

Child Psychopathology (1 decks)

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