Midterm Flashcards
Society as a system. Each part performs a function to keep society safe.
Functionalism
Social cohesion. When cohesion is disturbed, society responds by either adapting or reinforcing structure.
Functionalism
Society is made up of two groups: those who have power and those who don’t.
Conflict Theory
Dialectical relations.
Conflict Theory
Hierarchy is always present. Structural inequality is always present.
Conflict Theory
Social change is revolutionary, not evolutionary.
Conflict Theory
Society not ruled by structure, but is reconstituted each time individuals interact with each other.
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic communication: interactions consider body language, appearance and environment, not just words and actions.
Symbolic Interactionism
Social Objects
Concepts that gain meaning through ritual. Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic Interactionism: Self
Self concept is shaped by interaction with others.
Extension of Conflict Theory: Power in our society is based on gender.
Feminist Theory
Aims to expose the abuses and reality of a male-dominated society.
Feminist Theory
Critique of patriarchy
Feminist Theory
Consciousness-raising
Feminist Theory
Intersectionality
Feminist Theory
Critique of heteronormativity
Queer Theory
Identities are not fixed. Rejects binaries.
Queer Theory
Non-dialectical
Queer Theory
Using negative part of identity as part of your public and personal identity.
Queer Theory
The ‘Other’
Post-Colonial Theory
Non-european cultures: how they respond and resist Westernization
Post-Colonial Theory
Cultural Hybridity
Reality of post-colonial people. Can never fully identify with one nationality or culture because they’re othered.
Identity is formed by external influences.
Macro Approaches
People absorb traits from their surroundings.
Macro Approaches
Becoming human is not a biological process, it is a process of socialization.
Macro Approaches
Innate identity. People create their identity through interactions in society.
Micro Approaches
Norms and values exist to be interpreted, modified or rejected by the individual.
Micro Approaches
Status one works for/wants.
Achieved Status
Unwanted or involuntary social status.
Ascribed Status
Primary or dominant identity in society.
Master Status
People play their roles as given. Society determines the role and the individual conforms to the responsibilities.
Role Taking
Don’t take roles as given, but creatively adapt the role to their preferences and circumstances.
Role Makers
Tensions between the responsibilities or traits of two or more statuses.
Role Conflict
Tensions connected to a single status.
Role Strain
The processes one undergoes to leave a role.
Role Exit
Class Identification System: Asking others about a persons class.
Reputations Method
Class Identification System:
Asking someone about their own class.
Subjective Method
Class Identification System:
Facts and measurement
Objective method
Inequality is compared to ability to change social position
Great Gatsby Curve
Second nature. Bodily. We learn this from our families, peer groups and social class. Largely invisible to those within the same class.
Habitus
You become what other people define you as.
Labelling Theory
Identity is a product of society. Socialization = consensus.
Structural Functionalism
Social order creates unity and common culture.
Functionalism
False consciousness. Socialization isn’t consensual. It is brainwashing.
Conflict Theory
You aren’t born as the norm, it’s a constant fight to fit in. Society expects us to conform.
Conflict Theory
People pick and chose values and norms. People reject what the media says is best.
Symbolic Interactionism
Material, social and spiritual self.
The Unified Self, William James
When the body physically undergoes radical change, the sense of self is altered.
The Unified Self, William James
Focus on the social self. Self-image is a result of how others see us. No inner-core personality, instead a reactive/responsive perception of external forces.
Looking Glass Self, Horton Cooley
I and Me. Socialization process creates a two-sided self (individual and social). Symbolic Interactionism
The Social Self, George H. Mead
All “me”. There is no “I”. Self-presentation as dramaturgy: front stage and backstage. Neither are genuine, both performative. Symbolic Interactionism.
Self-Presentation, Erving Goffman
In modern societies, we have choices: freedom to the individual.
The Reflective Self, Anthony Giddens
Creation and reproduction of social systems
Structuration
Dress needs the body as the body needs dress. Person cannot be human without dress, dress has no meaning off of the body.
Dress and the Embodied Self, Entwistle
To be social means control over the body. First nature is the untutored body, second is the controlled body.
Body and Second Nature, Nobert Elias
Power is expressed in the ability to control or have power over the body. Internal control vs external control. Submitting to biopower makes us docile and powerless.
Power Relations and the Body, Michel Foucault
Society policing the control we have over our bodies through laws. We accept this as helpful or good.
Biopower
Fashion as a bridge between individual and group. Fashion to unify and to separate. Fashion manages dialectical opposites. Fashion as a way to resocialize the asocial. Functionalist.
Fashion as Social Coehsion, Georg Simmel
Fashion can be right or rude, not right or wrong- not a question of morality. Fashion is ritualistic. Functionalist.
Fashion as Collective Action, Kimball Young
People come to know themselves by comparing themselves to others. Symbolic Interactionism.
Social Comparison Theory, Leon Fastinger
Influence of others affects social behaviour. Influence depends on strength, number and proximity. Symbolic Interactionism.
Social Impact Theory, Latané
Class helps society to function. People are rewarded for what they contribute to society. Structural Functionalism.
David Moore Thesis
In capitalism, the way to show status is conspicuous consumption. Conspicuous waste also displays status. Conspicuous leisure: displaying a lack of productivity. Novelty.
Fashion as Conspicuous Consumption, Veblen
Type of luxury goods for which the quantity demanded increases as the price increases. A good that resists the fashion cycle by being highly priced and scarce.
Veblen Good
Hegemony of institutions that enforce the status quo. False sense of power and control. People buying into their own oppression. Conflict theory.
Fashion as Cultural Hegemony, Gramsci
Taste as socially constructed practices that are established by those in power.
Fashion as Distinction, Bourdieu
Gender as a means to organize and integrate societal structures. Two roles: instrumental (male) and expressive (female).
Gender Complimentary, Falcott Parsons
Sexuality is regulated because it is related to reproduction. Family is the primary social structure.
Gender Complimentary, Falcott Parsons
Gender is a historical situation rather than a natural fact. The body is only known through gendered appearance. The performance of gender renders social laws explicit.
Butler
The category of women is socially constructed in such a way that to be a woman , by definition, is to be in an oppressed situation.
Butler
Clothing for men (post-estate system and post-Industrial Revolution) no longer has the function of displaying social rank; male conspicuous consumption not longer valued. Functionalist.
The Great Male Renunciation, Flugel
Women remain at home, do not progress in their social standing; wealth and social status continue to be made visible through dress.
The Great Male Renunciation, Flugel
Hierarchal, utility and seduction principles. Functionalist.
Seduction Principle, Laver
Purpose of women’s dress is to make them more attractive and seductive. Men’s dress expresses their achievement. Functionalist.
Seduction Principle, Laver
Gender structure created a culture that blames victims of rape and normalizes male sexual violence. Conflict and feminist theory.
Rape Culture, Herman
Rape is not a sexual crime, but one of aggression. Conflict and feminist theory.
Rape Culture, Herman
How being surveilled shapes our behaviour. Man is looking, woman is being looked at. Conflict and feminist theory.
Male Gaze, Mulvey
Women’s bodies are products or associated with products. Conflict and feminist theory.
Male Gaze, Mulvey
Gender is performed, not innate. Communicated through appearance and behaviour. Symbolic interactionism.
Doing Gender, West & Zimmerman
Gender is a required identificatory display. Symbolic interactionism.
Doing Gender, West & Zimmerman
Media is taken for granted for offering true representations of gender. Symbolic interactionism.
Gender Advertisements, Goffman
Media displays ritualized behaviours: family, feminine touch, licensed withdrawal, ritualization of subordination. Symbolic interactionism.
Gender Advertisements, Goffman
Could not have happened earlier than it did; women required a certain amount of social and political power.
Power Dressing, Entwistle
Not a statement about gender, but about female competency. Not subordinate anymore.
Power Dressing, Entwistle
All fashion is sexual in origin in the modern world.
Queer Theory
Restrictive womenswear in modern history was empowering and a form of control.
Queer Theory
Uses preexisting code that is only understood by others in the same group. Focus on details in dress and mastery of appearance. Casual elegance, not conspicuous consumption.
Dandyism, Barthes
