Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Andrew Johnson
A
- 17th president and former slave owner from TN
- hoped that the fall of slavery would injure southern autocrats
- lost control over the Reconstruction policy
Republicans alienated by Johnson and “black codes” which limited the rights of freedmen
2
Q
Presidential reconstruction
A
1863-1867
- pardons and amnesty for oath takers which were handed out liberally (13,000+)
- confederate army officers and large planters assumed state offices
- the use of “black codes” not really full citizenship for blacks in the South
- more lenient towards the south
- Stated that the confederate states never left the union and southerners could be pardoned and reinstated as US citizens if they took an oath of allegiance
- Lincoln’s proclamation was called the 10 percent plan
3
Q
Congressional reconstruction
A
- Congress’s attempt at rebuilding the south after they overtook president Johnson
- clash between President Johnson and congress over the reconstruction. Gradual diminishing of President Johnson’s power
- congress put forth a plan that allowed the South to re-enter the nation
- congress denied representatives from the former confederate states
- Civil Rights act of 1866 was passed and the 14th amendment was written
4
Q
13th amendment
A
- Slavery abolished by congress
- approved with a 2/3 vote in Congress
5
Q
14th amendment
A
- first clause: all persons born or naturalized in the US were citizens of the nation and states. no one could take that from them without due process of law
- if state denied suffrage to any male citizens, its representation in congress would be reduced
- no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US
6
Q
15th amendment
A
- granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the right of the citizens of the US to vote shall not be abridged or denied by the US or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
- ratified on February 3, 1870 the promise of the 15th amendment was not fully realized for almost a century
- the use of poll taxes, literacy tests and other means allowed Southern states to effectively disenfranchise african americans
7
Q
Compromise of 1877
A
- informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 US presidential election
- resulted in the US federal government pulling the last troops out of the south and formally ended the reconstruction era
- gave republicans presidency and restored democrats power in the south
- democratic promises to treat blacks fairly were forgotten; Jim Crow laws and segregation began
8
Q
“redeeming” the south
A
- democrats won by promising to cut taxes and political promises
- redeemers pursued a policy of redemption, seeking to oust the radical republicans
- severe laws against theft, trespassing and restriction of black hobbies
- “Red shirts” were a militant wing of the democratic party. They terrorized black voters, intimidating them not to vote
9
Q
End of Reconstruction
A
- Reconstruction ended when national attention turned away from the integration of former slaves as equal citizens, enabling white democrats to recapture southern politics
- President Rutherford B. Hayes was put in office in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops in the South
republican governments lost - democrats control the south 20th century
- Southern blacks lacked the economic power to defend their interest as free citizens
- legacies of amendments – they never protected minorities during the time passed
10
Q
Plains Indians
A
- Indians were pushed into the plains by US government; taking their territory
- believed in animism – everything had a spiritual essence
11
Q
Sand Creek Massacre
A
1864
- massacre in the American Indian Wars
- men under the command of US army colonel John Chivington attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Araphaho people in southeastern Colorado Territory
- about 2/3 were women and children
12
Q
Geronimo
A
- Apache leader
- surrendered in 1886 and accepted life on the Apache reservations in Arizona
- Guerilla warfare
- congress takes over “Indian” policy
13
Q
Custer’s last stand
A
- Battle of little big horn
- Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and the 7th cavalry went into battle against Sioux and Cheyenne indians
- Custer’s job was to force the Indians back to their reservation
- his plan was to attack the indian camp from 3 sides but Chief Sitting Bull wiped out Custer’s force at Little Bighorn and the Sioux were victorious
14
Q
Wounded Knee
A
- Located in South Dakota
- site of 2 conflicts between North American indians and representatives of the US government
- end of the plains indians’ resistance
- 7th cavalry rounded 340 Sioux; a shot was fired (unclear from which side) and 300 indians were slaughtered
15
Q
Mormonism
A
- led by Brigham Young
- church of Jesus Christy of Latter-Day Saints
- practiced polygamy, wanted economic independence, and believed in self-sufficiency
16
Q
Frederick Jackson Turner
A
- American historian known for the “frontier thesis”
- proposed that the distinctiveness of the US was attributable to its longer history of westering
- Turner insisted on a multi-causal model of history with a recognition of the interaction of politics, economics, culture and geography
- changed the direction of much American historical writing
17
Q
Corporation
A
- legally a person
- began to dominate american market by the latter half of the 19th century
- risk-taking and innovation
- conspiracy and corruption
18
Q
Railroad innovations in 19th century
A
- by 1900, 193000 miles of railroad connected every state in the Union (international markets)
- management (hierarchical organizational structures) and accounting systems
- magnetic telegraph in 1837
19
Q
JP Morgan
A
- railroad industry
- made affordable railroads
- refinanced debts of railroads
20
Q
Andrew Canegie
A
- steel industry
- invested in railroads but built his own steel mill
- became the first steel maker to known the actual production cost of each ton of steel
- bessemer process
- “watch the costs, and the profits will take care of themselves”
21
Q
John D. Rockefeller
A
- oil industry
- purchased his own tanker cars, earning 10% rebates from railroads and competitors
- set up a pool (an agreement among several companies) and established production quotas and fixed prices
- standard oil trust
