Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
what is the public sector
A
government
concerned with community welfare, improving quality of life, service to the public, enriched community life, wide use of leisure, protection and conservation of the environment,
assumed by convention; leisure and recreation are basic rights and freedoms of all Canadians
2
Q
what is the federal government (sector)
A
has power to make laws for peace, order and good government of Canada except for subjects assigned exclusively to legislatures of the provinces
the federal government receives its authority by convention and has a mandate to promote health and well-being through recreation and sport
most representation from national sport and recreation associations
3
Q
what are direct leisure services
A
Canadian heritage
innovation science and economic (destination Canada)
environment climate change Canada (parks Canada)
4
Q
what is the provincial and territorial government (not tested)
A
possible leisure and recreation mandates
- to promote health and well-being through recreation
- to promote preservation, protection and enjoyment of natural resources
- to preserve cultural heritage
- to promote citizenship
- to stimulate economic development through the leisure industry
5
Q
who are the main clients of the provincial and territorial government
A
municipalities
provincial sport and recreation services
6
Q
what is the municipal government
A
the mandate for involvement in leisure and recreation usually consists of the following
- to encourage the development of recreation programs and facilities
- to act as a catalyst for recreation development in the community
7
Q
who are the main clients of the municipal sector
A
general public
local sport/recreation
local special interest groups
8
Q
what do the municipal governments do
A
public leisure services
commissions, boards, civic department
promotion and facilitation of recreation, parks, sport and culture
enabling legislation
provide community facilities programs leadership
9
Q
the public sector ownership
A
government
10
Q
the public sector mandate
A
serve social welfare needs
11
Q
the public sector financial base
A
tax revenues donations earned income
12
Q
the public sector main customers
A
general public
13
Q
the public sector success indicators
A
social change
14
Q
the public sector challenges
A
public scrutiny and accountability changing political
15
Q
the commercial sector is also called the
A
private
16
Q
commercial recreation
A
refers to the provision of leisure and recreation services at a cost with the ultimate intent to make a profit
a business oriented approach used to offer leisure and recreation products and services to society
recreation for which the consumer pays for which the supplier expects to make a profit
is based on the willingness of the consumer to pay a price for a service
17
Q
trends in the commercial sector
A
international national regional and local economic conditions affect the ability of people to spend for recreation and leisure
demographic changes underline significant changes in the market
energy available affects all forms of commercial recreation
foreign policy, war and terrorist activity alter tourist choices of destinations
new technology continually improves travel and recreation and entirely new concepts and or products emerge
18
Q
potential positive impacts of the commercial sector
A
increase in employment opportunities
stimulation of local economies through increased commerce
attraction of outside capital for existing businesses
increased property values and increased recreation opportunities for local residents
19
Q
potential negative impacts of the commercial sector
A
many types of commercial recreation have high failure rates and or short life cycles resulting in unemployment and decreased economic contribution to local communities
crime may increase (tourists=easy prey)
increased land values can backfire on young residents wishing to buy property for the first time
natural resources can be overused to the point of ruining the attraction
local culture in rural or remote areas can be harmed
20
Q
commercial sector ownership
A
private corperation
21
Q
commercial sector mandate
A
realize max ROI via service to most profits
22
Q
commercial sector financial base
A
investors, creditors, earned income
23
Q
commercial sector main customers
A
specific market groups, general public
24
Q
commercial sector success indicators
A
profitability, growth, ROI
25
commercial sector challenges
developing and maintaining skills
26
what is the voluntary sector
lack of terminology; variety of names
in Canada we use voluntary more often
nature of the voluntary sector focuses on five key features
27
what are the five key features of the voluntary sector
organized
private
not-profit distributing; money back into the organization
self governing; decision made within
voluntary; boards, directors are not paid
28
voluntary sector ownership
private
29
voluntary sector mandate
serve specific social welfare needs or leisure interests
30
voluntary sector financial base
grants, memberships, donations, fundraising, earned income
31
voluntary sectors main customers
select populations local communities general public
32
voluntary sector success indicators
social change financial viability
33
voluntary sector challenges
relative uncertainty, reliance on volunteers, inconsistent
34
what is management
the process of coordinating and integrating resources in order to effectively and efficiently achieve organizational goals and objectives
35
what are the 4 management theories
classical era
behavioural era
human relations ear
modern era
36
dates of the classical era
1880-1930
37
what was the main points of the classical era
prompted by the industrial revolution
made management a scientific discipline of study
focus on efficient and effective functions; workers treated like machines
38
which era made management a scientific discipline of study
classical era
39
what was the classical eras focus
focus on efficient and effective functions
40
what were the two approaches of the classical ear
scientific management (Taylor, Gillbreth)
general administrative practices (Fayol, Weber)
41
what was Taylors version of scientific management
the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency; assembly lines
movement directed toward improving work techniques and ultimately worker efficiency
dehumanized the worker and made work self specialized
no motivation, treated like machines, no emotion
42
what does Taylor scientific management provide us with
a historical and perspectival idea of leisure management processes; still used like the assembly lines at McDonalds
43
what was frank and Lillian Gilbreths scientific management
refined taylors analysis of work movements
studied work environments
attempted to minimize waste movements in a process so that labour costs could be reduced
used film study to see how work was done and to modify it to be more efficient
44
what was Fayol general administrative approach
the study of how to create an organizational structure that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness
45
what did Fayol identify in the general administrative approach
functions of managers
```
planning
organizing
commanding
coordinating
controlling
```
46
what was webers general administrative approach
how to create an organizational structure that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness
organizations could measure performance against a standard; performance to awards
bureaucratic principle
remains the bed rock of modern public leisure services; top down layer of management
ensures organization and standardization
47
what are the characteristics of webers approach
```
division of work
centralized authority
rules
rational personal policies
records
```
48
behavioural era time frame
1930-1940
49
what was the behavioural era influenced by
the depression and by the introduction of labour relations legislation
50
what did the behavioural era focus on
how managers should behave in order to motivate employees and encourage them to perform
51
who contributed to the behavioural era
Elton Mayo
| Follett
52
what was Mayos behavioural era approach
workers can be motivated by non-financial aspects of the work environment
work situation can be viewed in behavioural terms in that the rate of the manager is to create satisfactory interpersonal relationships
acknowledgement from managers increased productivity far better then financial incentives
people worked harder if they felt managers cared about them
work norms drove productivity by establishing a fair days work
the informal organization affected productivity and made boring work more tolerable
53
what was Folletts behavioural era approach
an organization is a group of people not just a means of production
managers should lead workers rather then rely on the authority of their postitions
workers need to be given greater responsibility and managers should be trained in management
virtually ignored views at the time, yet today they are the basis of contemporary management thinking
54
when was the human relations era
1950-1980
55
what is the human relations era
influenced by growing workplace diversity the civil rights movement, soaring stock markets and the growth of computing
a people centered approach to management
56
who are the key contributors of the human relations era
maslow
McGregor
Herzberg
systems theory management
57
what is the human relations McGregor theory X approach
negative view of people
people dislike work
people avoid responsibility
need to be supervised
need to be controlled to get them to perform
58
what is the human relations McGregor theory Y approach
positive view of people
work can be enjoyed
people accept and seek responsibility
people can be self-directed
people wants rewards that satisfy self-actualization
59
when is the modern era
1980-now
60
what is the modern era
combines the three previous eras while continuing to evolve with current research and practices
focus is to help managers improve the way they use an organizations resources and compete successfully in the global environment; focus on quality and best practices
TQM- W Edwards Deming
61
what is the modern era shift to now
geared towards giving quantitative information using scientific methods that can be used in management decision making (some call it the management science theory)
used for; quantitative management, operations management, total quality management, management information systems
we see a shift today where knowledge and experience of individuals is valued over their formal positions within an organization
emphasis on innovation, change management and pursuing excellence in service quality
technology changes mean that marketings role will increase and evolve
62
what happened in management leisure services in 1850-1920
projects aimed at increasing welfare of individuals
| classical era
63
what happened in management leisure services in 1930-1950
programs expanded at federal provincial and local levels
| behavioural era
64
what happened in management leisure services in 1960-1970
management needs skills in visionary thinking leadership marketing to guide delivery services
(human relations era)
65
what happened in management leisure services in 1980-1990
increased emphasis on providing high quality customer focused leisure services (outsourcing)
(modern era)
66
what happening in management leisure services in 2000-present
increased emphasis on innovation collaboration and marketing (modern era)
67
what is management
process of coordinating and integrating resources in order to effectively and efficiently achieve organizational goals and objectives through the functions of planning organizing leading and controlling
leading is part of a managers job
68
what are managers
individuals who have the responsibility and authority for providing direction to the organization while moving it towards its goals/objectives
a managers competencies (including skills knowledge characteristics and abilities) to move the organization forward will reflect in the growth of the organization
69
what are the levels of management
```
top managers (CEO president general management)
middle managers (sales manager, sports coordinator, director)
frontline managers (instructors, activity leaders, day camp leaders)
```
70
what are the primary functions of management
planning
organizing
leading
controlling
71
what is leadership
a process of interpersonal influence over others that is aimed at achieving organizational goals objectives and strategies
it is about getting extraordinary things done with groups of individuals
may involve listening persuading suggesting doing and exerting influence on others
72
what is a leader
an individual who guides directs and influences the attitudes and behaviour of others
leaders inspire confidence win hearts and minds of the team and bring out the best in people
73
what are the four most important characteristics of a leader
honest
forward-looking
inspiring
competent
74
what are some leadership theories
trait theory
behavioural theory
contingency and situational theory
modern approaches
75
what is the trait theory
people are born to be good leaders
- physical traits
- interpersonal traits
research has discredited this theory over time
76
what is the behavioural theory of leadership
focus on what leaders do (how a leader acts)
leadership is learned not genetic
focus on task and process behaviours
77
what is the contingency and situational theory of leadership
types of techniques; different situations require different leadership
these theories account for the leader the follower and the situation
78
what is the contingency theory of leadership
try to define the situation and followers and examine leadership styles that can be efficiently used
79
what is the situational theory of leadership
different situations require different leadership
80
what are the four modern leadership approaches
charismatic leadership
transactional leadership
transformational leadership
Kouzes and Posners leadership
81
what are the three basic styles of leadership
laissez-faire
authoritarian (autocratic)
participative (democratic)
82
what is the laissez-faire leadership style
lack of control, structure or follow up; leader gives group complete control in decision making
83
what is the authoritarian leadership style
no attempt is made to involve individuals in decision making process
84
what is the participative leadership style
leader is responsive to opinions ideas suggestions of group; leader has final say to make decision
85
what are recreation leadership types
direct or face to face
supervisory
managerial
civic or community
86
what are the differences between leadership and management
manage things - physical assets, processes, systems
lead people- employees, customers, external partners
managers more concerned with efficiency (minimize waste, doing right); get what needs to be done; seel stability; appointed; command
leaders more concerned with effectiveness (achieving goals, doing right); want to do the job; agents of change; earn their place; motivate and communicate
87
what is organizational structure
the typically hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority community communication and duties of an organization
determines how interrelated components of an agency are assigned controlled and coordinated in order to function
88
what is the formal organizational structure
organizational structure defines how job tasks are formally divided grouped and coordinated
89
what is the informal organizational structure
organizational structure is represented by the culture of an organization
90
what is the organizing process
reflect on plans and objectives
determine major tasks or functions
divide major tasks into sub-tasks
allocate resources to the various sub-task
91
what is organizational design
organizational design is how the 6 different elements are arranged and incorporated
92
what are the four main designs to consider
simple design
bureaucratic design
team-based design
matrix design
93
what is the bureaucratic design chart
works well with standardized tasks; very functional
very common in public leisure services
reduces decision making
94
organizational structure in the future
leisure service organizations will have to be highly flexible innovative agile responsive to change
there will be less distinction between those who manage and those who deliver the service
the emphasis will be in shared decision making collaborative thinking and joint conflict resolution
95
what is the informal organizational culture
the informal set of values norms and beliefs that control the way people and groups in an organization interact with each other and with people outside the organization
96
what does the informal organizational culture matter
plays important role in whether employees experience job satisfaction
influences the actions of organizational members
important for morale and productivity
provides history
sets boundaries for appropriate behaviour
97
where does the informal organizational culture come from
founding myth
experience with external environment
shared experiences
98
what is the informal organizational culture communicating culture
formally communicated
- leaders, symbols, vision, ideals, norms, for behaviour, memos, dress code, rewards
informally communicated
- stories, rumors, customs, rituals, jokes, role models, peers, office layout,
99
What is Human Resource management
A process that helps to determine how both individual and organizational needs can be managed in a system that is clear, unambiguous, fair and legal
100
What is the purpose of HR management
Attract retain motivate and develop employees to achieve the organizations goals
101
What are the personal process of HR management
Develop the job description (Attract)
Create the job announcement (attract)
Candidate recruitment (attract)
Candidate selection (retain & motivate)
Orientation and training (develop)
Performance appraisal (motivate & develop)
102
What is informal performance appraisal
Includes staff meetings to discuss progress pats on the back, constructive criticism, short written notes and emails in a job well done or performance that missed the mark
103
What is formal performance review
Less frequent and relies more on objective measures of performance such as a sales target, dollars raised, new members signed up (more subjective measures are use when objective indicators are not available)
104
What are the millennial generation workplace priorities
Most likely to want a job that offers quick advancement congenial coworkers and fun
105
What are the gen X generation workplace priorities
Put the most value on balance between hours at work and their personal lives
106
What are baby boomers workplace priorities
Most likely to say they want to continue to grow and use their skills on the job and get clear information from management on what’s expected from them
107
What are mature workplace priorities
More concerned with advancement then Gen X and baby boomers
108
What are challenges facing HR departments
```
Increase employee turnover
Doing more with fewer people
Employee boredom
Lack of communication between managers and employees
Use of personal devices
Financial compensation inconsistencies
Demographic changes
Culturally diverse
```
109
What are volunteers
Individuals who partake in an organization or event without salary or pay
110
Why volunteer
Utilitarian reasons
Affective reasons
Normative reasons
111
What are utilitarian reasons
To enhance human capital in terms of skills, knowledge and experience
112
What are affective reasons to volunteer
To satisfy needs for friendship, fellowship status
113
What are normative reasons to volunteer
The need to do something good for others
114
What are some of the motivations to volunteer
```
To make a contribution to the community
To use skills and experiences
Personally affective by the cause the organization supports
Improve sense of well being or health
to explore ones own strengths
To network with others
Because friends volunteer
Support a cause
Family members
Improve job opportunities
To fulfill religious obligations or beliefs
```
115
Who volunteers
12.7 million Canadians or 44% of those 15+ years volunteered
Sask has highest number of volunteers, Manitoba is behind and Quebec is last
Total 2 billion hours or full time equivalent of 1million jobs
Social services, sports, recreation, religious, education, housing, arts, health
Older more education and richer employeed have children
116
Why do Canadians not volunteer
Lack of time
Long term commitment
Prefer to donate instead
No one asked
Dissatisfied with previous experience
117
What are trends in volunteerism
Volunteering is in decline overall
Virtual volunteering
Family volunteering
Episodic volunteering
Micro-volunteering
118
What are pros and cons of using volunteers
Skills, community pride, valuable input, cost savings
Training needs/costs hard to release, may have ulterior motives
119
Managing volunteers
Challenge is to manage our volunteers well
Individuals responsible for volunteers must have the skills experience and support to do the job well
Many organizations have paid staff to manage volunteers; in some organizations the role is filled by a volunteer
The person designated to manage the volunteer program is responsible for an essential element of the organizations HR
120
What is the volunteer management planning process
Planning
Recruitment
Supervision
Orientation & training
Retention/recognition/succession
Evaluation
121
What are 10 common pitfalls in volunteer management how to avoid them
Underestimating volunteers
Undervaluing volunteers
Under-preparing for volunteers
Not setting sufficient boundaries for volunteers
Letting situations slide
Keeping insufficient records
Losing professional perspective
Seeing volunteers through rose coloured glasses
Skimping on volunteer recognition
Thinking that volunteers are easily replaceable
122
What is financial management
The process of planning, acquiring and using funds to achieve predetermined organization goals and objectives
123
Basic economic principles :
Revenue
Money coming in
124
Basic economic principles :
Expenditures
Money going out
125
Basic economic principles:
Supply
Demand
Quantity of services you have available
Number of services wanted or needed
126
Basic economic principles:
In elastic demand
Elastic demand
Not going to move. People paying for your services no matter what it costs (gas)
Change in price the demand will change
Increase price=decrease demand
Or
Decrease price = increase demand
127
Funding sources:
Public sector
Government based
Base financial source is tax
May also charge fees and receive gratuitous income from private sources
128
Funding sources :
Commercial sector
No taxation revenue. Profit motivated
Financial resources come from fees charged, selling goods and services and other types of investments
No mandate to prop up socially beneficial but financially ineffective programs/services
129
Funding sources :
| Voluntary sector
Financial resources come from membership fees fundraising projects donations grants user fees
Rely extensively on volunteers which keep costs down
Public sympathy and affection are advantages; helpful for fundraising and volunteer recruitment
130
What are 5 sources of revenue
Compulsory income (tax)
Gratuitous income (grants)
Earned income (fees/charges)
Investment income (invest)
Contractual income (agreements with 3rd parties)
131
What are types of compulsory income
Property taxes
Income taxes
Sales taxes
Excise (special) taxes
132
Majority of income for operating expenses at the local level of government comes from
Property taxes
133
What are property taxes
In general business property tax rates tend to be higher then those for residential properties
Property taxes normally account for 35-50% of many leisure service organizations operating budgets
Property taxes are a function of 2 numbers
- assessed value of a property X local tax rate
134
What are income taxes
Largest revenue source for federal and provincial governments
As your gross income rises you pay an increasing amount and percentages of income as income tax
Most income tav funds applied to leisure services are in form of provincial or federal transfer payments to local governments so their impact is not very visible
135
What are sales tax
Sales tax is paid on almost everything we buy
Usually unprepared food and medicine are excluded
In Canada these taxes are collected by federal and provincial governments
Local (municipal) governments do not normally collect sales taxes directly in Canada
136
What are excise (special) taxes
Hotel/motel/bed/head tax
| Can be beneficial to the community
137
What is gratuitous income
Money an agency does not have to pay back
Income earned from fundraising, grants, sponsorships, individual donations, bequests from wills, life insurance
138
What is earned income (fees and charges)
Entrance (admission) fees
Rental fees
User (program) fees
Sales revenues
License and permit fees
Special service fees
139
What are entrance fees
Charged to enter a park zoo garden building or other developed recreation area; may have other facilities, activities performances, exhibits for which fees are also charged
140
What are rental fees
For use of tangible property
Canoe rental, meeting room
141
What are user (program) fees
For use of a facility, participation in a program or use of a service
142
What are sales revenues
Revenue obtained from operation of stores, concessions, restaurants, sale of merchandise
143
What are license and permit fees
Revenue from permission to perform an action (fishing)
144
What are special service fees
For other situations
Reservation, booking privilege, fee for concert tickets
