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Human Growth and Development > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Genes

A

Instructions for creating humans
Software programs development
Biological Clock
Body’s hardware

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2
Q

DNA Molecules

A

Substance genes are composed of determines every cell and its function

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike bodies made from DNA molecules
Organized in 23 pairs
46 total

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4
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic material inherited
Carrier
Genetically present but invisible in an organism

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable trait

Able to be seen

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6
Q

Dominant Trait

A

Expressed Trait can be seen

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7
Q

Recessive Trait

A

Present but not expressed or observed

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8
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Tools ego uses to prevent unacceptable thoughts or urges from reaching consciousness as it “deals” with life.
EX:
* Undoing - Making right
* Rationalization - Making right what is not right
* Projection - Accusing one of something I have done wrong

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9
Q

Cross Sectional Design

A

Performance of people of different age groups, in one moment in time.
Cohorts - Different groups of age groups
Very inexpensive
No insight to develop in cohort

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10
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Performance of like individuals assessed repeatedly over time
Info how individuals develop/change overtime
*Cost more money over time
*Cant guarantee that cohort is the same from yr to yr

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11
Q

Descriptive Research

Naturalistic Observation

A

An investigator tries to observe and record naturally occurring behavior as obstructively as possible without attempting to influence or control it
EX:
Hiding in a bush and recording how many people run a stop sign

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12
Q

Descriptive Research

Case Studies

A

An intensive and detailed study, usually conducted over and extended period of time, of a single individual or condition.
Specific
EX:
Subjects testing a new cancer drug

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13
Q

Descriptive Research

Survey

A

A set of questions put to participants about their beliefs, attitudes, preferences or activities

  • Requires a large amount of subjects, interviews, records, anything about a topic
  • Not always truthful
  • Inexpensive
  • Ample Subjects
  • Open the hood
  • Look at how the survey was conducted, how many were used vs the outcome
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14
Q

Critical Consumer of Psychology

Reliability

A

A reliable study is one that can be replicated
What happens to make it seem like you can do it, but cant
A persons weight throughout the day

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15
Q

Critical Consumer of Psychology

Validity

A 
Truth
A valid study that a research method provides a true measure of what it is  supposed to measure
* Tool used to measure/track
EX:
      Mercury based thermometer
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16
Q

Development

A

Systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death

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17
Q

Cognitive Development

Conservation

A

Idea that certain properties of an object or substance do not change when appearance is altered.
Cognitive Click
EX:
2 glasses filled exactly the same, 1 is poured into a bowl, which has more?
Divorce
Combo of factors to violence

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18
Q

Cognitive Development

Preoperational Stage

A 
2-7 years
Symbolic capacity (usage of symbols, images, words or gestures to represent objects and experiences) fantasy play flourishes
* Imaginary friends
* Tea parties
* Dressing up
* Ability to connect with others
* Can become violent
* Mom becoming a nurse 4 year old says mom won't be my mom anymore
                        MUST MASTER
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19
Q

Cognitive Development

Object Performance

A

Fundamental understanding that objects continue to exist when they can’t be seen or detected by other senses.

  • Peek a boo
  • mom left the room
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20
Q

Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Birth - 24 months
Get to know the world through their senses and physical actions.
All 5 senses used during this time period

                                MUST MASTER
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21
Q

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Constructivism

A

Children construct new understanding of the world as they biologically mature and encounter instances in which their current understandings are inadequate.

  • Piaget
  • Children are not passive they are active
  • Children at different ages have cognitive achievements that can’t be explained
  • Children should develop and learn at their own pace.
  • Anything we tell a child will prevent them from learning it themselves
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22
Q

Cognitive Development

Accommodation

A

Process of modifying existing schemata to better fit new experiences
EX:
Giving a baby a sippy cup instead of a bottle

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23
Q

Cognitive Development

Assimilations

A

Process by which we interpret new experiences in terms of using existing schemata or cognitive structures
EX:
Nipple on a bottle
Birdie and butterfly scenario, both fly but are different things

24
Q

Cognitive Development

Adaptation

A 
Process of adjusting to the demands of the environment
Birth - Death
* Demands of life
* Given when we are born (known as our starting place)
* sucking
* Grasping
* Looking
* Process through reflexes
25
Q

Cognitive Development

Schemata

A

Organized patterns of action or thought that we construct to interpret our experience

  • Birth to end of life
  • Given when we are born
  • Map of the world
  • Starting point
26
Q

Cognitive

A

Changes and continuities in the mental processes of the person. Abnormal behavior can be traced to the way in which we process information in and from our environment.
Through our expectations, perceptions, and memories, we interpret our experiences in different ways and react accordingly.
Behavior results from the way we process information in and from our environment
What do you want the awareness to be?
* Recognition
* Emotional State
* Software of the brain
* Number of mental processes
* Intelligence creativity
* Jean Piaget: Process through which knowledge is acquired and problems solved
* How we develop the filter

27
Q

Psychological Basis of Behavior

Humanistic

A

People have an inherent desire to develop their fullest potential
* Behavior is governed by each individuals sense of self inherent creativity, and FREE WILL
* Focuses on the positive aspects of the individual
* Instinctive
* Sense of Self
* Joe Paterno
* Now responding
* Born good
* Responsibility
* You have power
* Freud: men would turn into animals to survive
EX: Mobley on jungle book
* Victor Frankel - Oshwish - mans search to meaning found way to survive

28
Q

Social Basis of Behavior

Behaviorism

A

We are products of our environment and are shaped by the influences of the external world.

  • We learn by modeling others and therefore are molded by societal forces of which we have no control
  • Responding to events our entire life
  • Habitual responses and experiences
  • Past experiences programmed us to act and respond over and over again
  • NO FREE WILL
29
Q

Social Basis of Behavior

Evolutionary

A

Looks at behavior in terms of its adaptive value for members of a species

  • Behavior like anatomical characteristics is the product of evolution. PSYCHOLOGICAL
  • Certain mental strategies and behaviors were so important for procreative success (in our evolutionary past) that they have now through natural selection, become “instinctive”
  • Survival of the fittest - adaptive
  • Genes responsible for mental strategies and behaviors go back to evolutionary war.
30
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A
  • More likely to procreate
  • People who are motivated to
  • Accepted by others
  • Belong to groups
  • Influence others
  • Have self preservation
  • Desire a mate
    MUST HAVE ALL TO PROCREATE
31
Q

The Scientific Method

A

Orderly systematic procedures use to identify research problems, design studies to investigate problems, draw conclusions and communicate findings.

  • 2 different research studies
  • 3 ways to collect data
  • 2 ways to communicate findings
32
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

Bio

A

Considers the influence of the psychological processes within our bodies when attempting to explain behavior

  • Neuroscience
  • Biological
33
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

Psycho

A

Considers the influence of the nature (3) of beliefs, desires, and feelings contained within the person when attempting to explain behavior
* Thought process

34
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

Social

A

Considers the influence of the relationships between individuals, groups, and culture when attempting to explain behavior

  • Financially
  • Work/School
  • Personal/Friend Relationships
  • Health
35
Q

Biological Basis of Behavior

Neuroscience

A

Using the computer as a model for the way we behave, the brain is the hardware.

  • Cognition and behavior are a reflection of the psychological workings of the brain
  • Dysfunctional behavior can be traced to biochemical or structural deficiencies within the brain
  • Frontal cortex of the brain
  • Neuroplasticity - ability to rewire
  • Metacognition - awareness, mindfulness
36
Q

Psychological Basis of Behavior

Psychodynamic

A
  • Explains behavior by focusing on the unconscious
  • Behavior is the result of three irrational psychic structures interacting at the unconscious level and all competing for expression at the conscious level
  • Often not aware of what we do
37
Q

Abstract Psychic Structures

ID

A 
Houses instinctive sexual and aggressive drives along with physical needs.  
* Demanding infant that operates on the pleasurable principle. 
   EX:  crying to get what they want
* Wants what it wants when it wants it
* Instincts
* Born with it
* Devil
* Difficult to retrieve material
* Well below the surface of awareness
38
Q

Abstract Psychic Structures

Superego

A
  • Punishing and harsh moral authority that attempts to keep the ID from expressing itself.
  • Part of the persons mind that acts as a self critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents/teachers
  • Material just beneath the surface
  • Last to develop
  • Morality
39
Q

Abstract Psychic Structures

Ego

A

Attempts to balance the demands of the ID and the moralistic constraints of the superego with the demands of reality.

  • Consciousness
  • Decision making component of personality
  • Works by reason
40
Q

Basic issues in Human Development

Continuity/Discontinuity

A

Changes occur inconstant quantitative steps/or in abrupt qualitative ones

41
Q

Basic issues in Human Development

Universality/Context-specificity

A

Development common to everyone/ different from person to person, culture to culture

42
Q

Puberty

A

Begins around age 9 for girls and age 10 for boys

  • In physical development sequence for girls, fertility comes late, a year after the menstrual cycle begins
  • In the physical development sequence for boys, fertility comes early
  • Both sexes become fertile at about the same age
43
Q

Psychosocial

A

Changes and continuities in the personal and interpersonal aspects of the individual

  • Personality
  • Gender
  • Sexuality
  • Attachment
44
Q

Physical

A

Growth, functioning, appearance and abilities of the human body

  • Conception
  • Genetics
  • 6 theory foundation
  • Puberty through death/dying
45
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

Anxiety disorder characterized by acute preoccupation with imagined defect in the physical appearance.
* Onset generally occurs during adolescence and causes significant distress or impairment in social functioning

46
Q

Threats to Development
Teratogen

Placenta

A

An environment agent such as a drug, chemical or virus that produces a birth defect

(An organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall) function is to keep teratogens from reaching the fetus

47
Q

Age Grade:

Age Norms:

Social Clock:

A

How society “treats” individuals. Status, Roles, Privileges

Societies way of telling people “how to act”

Defines when things “should be done” in a lifetime

48
Q

Gamates:

Zygote:

A

Sex cells Sperm - male Ovum - female

One cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes from the fusing of the 2 sex cells

49
Q

Amniocentesis:

Chrionic Vullus Sampling:

A

Done between 15-20 weeks, examines the amniotic fluid

(CVS) done between 8-11 weeks , examines sample of placenta

50
Q

Monozygotic Twins:

Dizygotic Twins:

A

Genetically identical 1 egg fertilized and splits into 2 embryos. 2 boys/2 girls

2 separate ovum are fertilized by 2 sperm. 2 separate fertilized eggs. 2 boys/2 girls/1 boy and 1 girl

51
Q

Heritability

A

Variability of given trait within large sample of people can be linked to genetic differences among individuals

52
Q

Epiogenetics

A

Turning on the genes and opening them up. Some are influenced by the environment, others are just open.

53
Q

Basic issues in Human Development

Nature/Nurture:

A

Is development primarily a function of biological influences or are we a product of environmental forces?

54
Q

Basic issues in Human Development

Activity and passivity:

A

Are we active co-creators in our development or do we just “go along for the ride” and are products of forces beyond our control?
* Active in the development in the psychosocial and physical

55
Q

Cognitive Development
Concrete operations stage:

Seriation:

Transitivity:

A

Age 7-11. Involves the mastering of mental actions on objects such as adding, subtracting, classifying and

Arranging items mentally along a quantifiable dimension such as length or weight and:
EX: Animals in order by size

Describing the necessary relationship among elements in a series
EX: Who is older
* Not able to critically consider abstract.
* Can only handle mental real world situations.
* First signs of Relativistic
* Kind if you share with someone who has nothing

56
Q

Cognitive Development

Formal Operations Stage:

A

Ages 12 - 18. Ability to think systematically about hypothetical ideas and abstract concepts.

Human Growth and Development (1 decks)

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