Midterm Flashcards
Crush It!
What factors contribute to implementation failures in healthcare organizations?
Nature of work
Workforce
Leader-workforce relations
Performance measurement and control systems
Define personality traits
Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.
- The more consistent the characteristic and the more frequently it occurs in diverse situations, the more important the trait.
What are the Big Five Personality traits?
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism - Think OCEAN
What are some examples of personality traits?
Affectivity Self-Monitoring Proactive Personality Self-Esteem Self-Efficacy Locus of Control
Define Values
Values refer to stable life goals that people have, reflecting what is most important to them.
Why should we care about values?
- Provide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, behaviors
- Influence our perception of the world around us
- Shape our view of “right” and “wrong”
- Imply preferences (behaviors, outcomes)
Define Person-Organization Fit
The degree to which a person’s values, personality, goals, and other characteristics match those of the organization.
Define Person-Job Fit
The degree to which a person’s skill, knowledge, abilities, and other characteristics match the job demands.
Define Perception
Perception is how individuals detect and interpret environmental stimuli.
What are the three ways we can perceive ourselves (Self-perception)?
Self Enhancement Bias
Self Effacement Bias
False Consensus Error
Define Self Enhancement Bias
Tendency to overestimate our performance and own capabilities (see ourselves better than others do)
Define Self Effacement Bias
Opposite, underestimate own performance and capabilities
Define False Consensus Error
Overestimate how similar we are to others- What does this mean? Repeat illegitimate behavior, misunderstand other people’s needs and tendencies (problem when managing)
What are three types of social perception?
Stereotypes
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Selective perception - (pay selective attention to parts of our environment and miss the whole picture.
How can you determine whether to attribute performance to external or internal factors?
Consensus - is everyone doing it?
Distinctiveness - does this person normally behave this way in other situations?
Consistency - does this person normally behave this way in the same situation?
How does skill relate to MTBI?
It doesn’t measure skill, it measures preferences and how people gather information.
What are the three components of attitude?
Affective – The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude
Cognitive – The opinion or belief segment of an attitude
Behavioral – An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something
How does attitude relate to job satisfaction and organizational commitment?
Attitude –> Job Sat. –> Org. Commitment
Attitudes predict behaviors
What are some strategies to improve work attitudes?
Personality Person-Environment Fit Job Characteristics Psychological Contract Organizational Justice Work Relationships Reduce Stress Work-Life Balance
What five work behaviors can job satisfaction improve?
Job performance Organizational citizenship behavior Absenteeism Turnover Workplace deviance
What are some reasons for employees leaving their job?
Performance Job dissatisfaction Personality Age Company tenure
What is the formula for performance?
Performance = Motivation x Ability x Environment
What are Maslows Hierarchy of Needs?
^ Self Actualization | Esteem | Social | Safety | Physiological
What is McClelland’s Acquired-Needs Theory, and what need comes first?
-Need for achievement
-Need for affiliation
-Need for power
We all vary on which need is primary
Describe equity theory
The inputs and outcomes of one person, should equal the inputs and outcomes of another. For example, if I work overtime and get a raise, so should everyone else that worked overtime.
What are possible reactions to unfairness?
Distort perceptions - thinking referent is more skilled
Increase referents inputs - person works harder
Increase outcomes - gaining fairness (typically unethical)
Change referent - compare to someone who is worse off
Leave situation - quit
Seek legal action - suing company
What are the three different types of justice?
Procedural Justice
Interactional Justice
Distributive Justice
What is Procedural Justice?
The degree to which fair decision-making procedures are used to arrive at a decision.
What is Interactional Justice?
The degree to which people are treated with respect, kindness, and dignity in interpersonal interactions.
What is Distributive Justice?
The degree to which outcomes received from the organization are fair.
What is expectancy theory?
Effort –> Performance –> Rewards
What are the components of Reinforcement Theory?
Positive Reinforcement - Pos behavior/Pos Consequence
Neg Reinforcement - Pos behavior/Remove Neg Cons.
Punishment - Neg behavior/Neg Consequence
Extinction - Neg behavior/Remove Pos Cons.
How does motivation relate to ethical behavior?
Unethical behavior + Reward = More unethical behavior
What are alternatives to job specialization?
Job Rotation
Job Enrichment
Job Enlargement
What are the components of structural empowerment?
Decision authority Leadership style Organizational structure Access to information Organizational climate
How would you increase empowerment within an organization?
PowerPoint 5 Slide 5
What is the Goal Setting Theory?
Specific Measurable Aggressive Realistic Time-Bound - Think SMART
Why do SMART goals motivate?
Energize
Give Direction
Provide Challenge
Make you think outside the box
What three components make goals more effective?
Feedback
Ability
Goal Commitment
What are some downsides to goal setting?
Learning decreases
Adaptability declines
Narrow thinking may develop
Ethical problems increase
What is the difference between relative and absolute ranking systems?
Absolute is applied equally to everyone. Scores are based solely on the individuals performance.
Relative is when someone is ranked relative to others. Performance is compared to others, and this is viewed more negatively by employees.
Why are teams needed in healthcare?
Work is too complex
Multiple skill sets needed
Effective patient care dependent upon teams
What are the stages of group development?
Forming - people figure out group rules Storming - explore power, conflict occurs Norming - become more cohesive Performing - getting work done Adjourning - debriefing, exit
What are some keys to a cohesive group?
Common characteristics Collective identity Share mutual bond Share sense of purpose Work together on common task Establish structured pattern of communication
What are the five fundamental factors for group cohesion?
Similarity Size Stability Support Satisfaction
What is the relationship between group cohesion, and task commitment?
PowerPoint 6, Slide 9
Define social loafing
Social loafing refers to the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when working in a group context.
Define collective efficacy
Collective efficacy refers to a group’s perception of its ability to successfully perform well.
What are the three types of task interdependence?
Pooled Interdependence
Sequential Interdependence
Reciprocal Interdependence
What is the difference between a group and a team?
A team is a type of group: a coalition of people working together to achieve mutual goals, have structures, specific processes, interdependence in tasks, & leadership.
What are some benefits of self-managed teams?
Outcomes include higher job satisfaction, increased self-esteem, and opportunities to grow more on the job.
What is psychological safety, and how does it relate to teams?
Perceptions about risk in team (voice, error reporting etc)
People that feel safe perform better.
What are some challenges and barriers to effective teams?
Knowing where to begin
Dominating team members
Poorly managed conflicts
Poor performance of team members
What are the 8 ways to build collaborative teams?
- Invest in Signature Relationship Practices
- Model Collaborative Behavior (at the top)
- Create a “Gift” Culture
- Ensure Requisite Skills
- Support Strong Sense of Community
- Assign Team Leaders Who are Task AND Relationship-Oriented
- Build on Heritage Relationships
- Understand Role Clarity and Task Ambiguity
Should leaders be task oriented or people oriented?
Both! Good leaders can motivate people to accomplish tasks.
What are the differences between transactional and transformational leadership? When would each be needed?
Transactional - Employees demonstrate the right behaviors because the leader provides resources in exchange.
Transformational - Employees focus on company’s well being rather than individual pursuits.
What does LMX stand for?
Leader-Member Exchange
What is LMX based on?
Trust
Respect
How does LMX work?
Antecedents LMX Consequences
Leader Fairness Job Satisfaction
Leader Delegation Job Performance
Build Good Relationships Citizenship Behaviors
Employee Feedback Seeking Lower Turnover
Employee Flattery of Leader Buffer Against Stressors
Personality Similarity High Performance Ratings
Liking Fav. Interpret. of Behaviors
What is servant leadership?
Defines the leader’s role as serving the needs of others. The primary mission of the leader is to develop employees and help them reach their goals. Servant leaders put their employees first, understand their personal needs and desires, empower them, and help them develop in their careers.
What is the difference between a hero and a host?
Heroes swoop in and save the day at the last minute. Hosts will foster an environment where the employees can receive regular feedback and resources to help them succeed.
What are two characteristics of Authentic Leadership?
Leaders are self-aware
Leaders are introspective
What is a weakness of the stages of development theory? Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning
The model is very linear, and in reality the process is more cyclical and stages can happen simultaneously.
