Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What do diaphoretics cause?
A
Increase in body temp d/t vasodilation
Enhances routes of elimination
2
Q
Phytolacca
A
Aka: Poke
- Emetic
- softening and dissolving
- head, neck, breast lymphagogue= Strongest & Most Popular lymphagogue
3
Q
What conditions is Phytolacca used for?
A
- mastitis*-topical wash off, toxic to baby
* Goiters/hypothyroid*-increases circulation through thyroid and imprvoes lymphatic flow
4
Q
What is the dose for Phytolacca? What are toxicity symps?
A
Dose= 0.2-0.6 mL TID or 10-15 mL/wk MAX!!!
Toxicity= nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, HA
Stop use immediately!
Can cause WBC abnormalities= mitogenic action
5
Q
Calendula officinalis
A
Aka: marigold
-good for skin, topical anti-inflammatory, stops itching, anti-fungal for kids
-mild lymphagogue
-styptic & vulnerary-stimulates granulation tissue
Safe for KIDS!!!
6
Q
What constituent in Calendula causes the styptic/vulnerary actions?
A
Xanthophyls-stimulates granulation tissue
7
Q
What condition is calendula great for?
A
Chronic/acute inflammatory skin lesions
-itching, burning, and swelling
8
Q
Hydrastis canadensis
A
Aka: *goldenseal* Not a preventative, it is a Tx! -*mucous memb tonic*, bitter, cholagogue, anti-microbial etc. -EXTREMELY BITTER! -great for *sinusitis*
9
Q
What constituents are in Hydrastis canadensis
A
- Alkaloids*
- Isoquinoline alkaloids
- Mainly Hydrastine
- Berberine= strong against E. Coli/parasites
10
Q
Contraindication for Hydrastis canadensis?
A
G6PD Deficiency
Acute inflammatory conditions
Renal disease
11
Q
How are Mahonia and Berberis different?
A
- Mahonia*= Does NOT have hydrastine!
- it has free radical scavenging and anti-lipoxygenase activity
12
Q
Berberis/Mahonia
A
Aka: Oregon grape root
Main constituent= isoquninoline alkaloids…NOT hydrastine
Very similar to hydrastis just NOT a mucous memb tonic
Bitter
Use= sluggish GI system, resp/urinary
13
Q
Usnea barbata
A
Aka: *old man's beard* A tree lichen MOA: usnic acid is an *antibiotic* esp *against gram (+)* Strep, Staph, Mycobacterium tb, etc. -Anti-tumor Use: Infections
14
Q
Usnea main constituent?
A
Lichen acids—> Usnic acid
Polysaccharides- immunostimulatory
15
Q
Usnea main used for?
A
Infectious conditions:
- UTI, URI, gastroenteritis, impetigo, strep pharyngitis, skin infections (including fungal)
- Topically & internally anti-fungal & antibiotic*
16
Q
What is considered the strongest preparation for Usnea?
A
Tincture
17
Q
Sambucus nigra
Parts used?
A
Aka: black elderberry
Parts used:
1. Fruit= Anti-viral & anti-inflammatory/antioxidant
2. Flowers= mild diaphoretic, anti-catarrhal, anti-viral
MOA: SNA-II neutralizes the activity of the hemagglutinin spikes found on the surface of several viruses, inhibits viral proliferation
-antimicrobial to both Gram +/- bacteria
-diaphoretic
Use= H1N1 flu
Caution= can cause skin rashes
18
Q
Main constituent in Sambucus fruit?
A
Flavonoids- quercetin, rutin, anthocyanins
Hemagglutinin lectin Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA I-III)
Anthrocyanins= anti-rheumatic, cross links collagen, antioxidant, prevents enzymatic cleavage of collagen during inflammation, prevents inflammation (histamine, PGs, leuk), promotes mucopolysaccharides/collagen synthesis
19
Q
Main constituent in Sambucus flower?
A
Triterpenes- Ursolic acid
20
Q
Can you use the root, leaves, or bark of Sambucus?
A
NOT internally!
External use only!
-hemorrhoids, bites, wounds, stings etc.
21
Q
Echinacea main constituents?
A
- Water-soluble polysaccharides*-immunostimulatory
- Alkylamides*-lipid based anti-inflammatory compounds
- isobutylamides*
- Polyaetylenes/polyenes*
- Caffeic/ferulic acid*
22
Q
Echinacea MOA?
A
- Increased WBC activity (lymphocytes/macrophages)
- Inhibition of PGE2
- modulates endocannabinoid system by targeting CB2 receptor
- inhibits hyaluronidase-bacterial enzyme
- Antioxidant activity
23
Q
Echinacea uses?
A
Infectious conditions: common cold
-lowers anxiety
Do NOT use in pt with altered Th1/Th2 balance
24
Q
Echinacea drug i/a?
A
- inhibits CYP1A2 and modulates CYP3A* at hepatic and intestinal sites
- Immunosupressants (-)
- hepatotoxic drugs (-)
- econazole nitrate (+)- helps it for candidiasis
- 7-benzyloxyresorufin (-)
25
What type of echinacea uses the flower?
Echinacea purpurea
26
What type of echinacea uses the roots?
Echinacea augustifolia
| Echinacea pallida
27
Astragalus membranaceus constituent?
- *polysaccharides*
- *Triterpenoids (over 100)*
- *flavonoids*
- *isoflavones*
28
Astragalus membranaceus
Anti-inflammatory, immmunoregulatory, cardioprotective, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antitumor, metabolic restorative
MOA:
-*enhances the cytotoxicity and activity of NK cells*
-protects against immunosuppression induced by chemotherapy
-*Antiviral*-inhibits adenovirus, Hep B
-metabolic activity
-*CV*ionotropic so increases CO while decreasing BP
Uses:
-*improves digestion*
-tonifies qi- blood loss
29
Astragalus uses?
* Immune conditions*-common cold, flu, lung infections, URTs in kids.
* Renal*
* Hepatobiliary*- chronic viral hepatitis
* CV*-angina/arrythmias
* metabolic*
* anti-inflammatory*-inhibits NFkB
30
What causes drug i/a with astragalus?
The *p-glycoprotien*
31
Contraindications for astragalus?
Acute infections
32
Ganoderma
Aka: reishi mushrooms
Constituent: *Triterpenes: ganodermic acid*
*polysaccharides: B-D-glycans, D6-glycans*
Uses:
-*anti-allergy*, anti-inflammatory, *cardiotonic*
MOA:
-inhibits release of histamine preventing allergic rxns
33
What do B-glycans in mushrooms do?
Have greater water solubility d/t higher molecular weight
- *Induce interferon production
- disrupt viral replication
- inhibit bacterial infections*
- increase RNA/DNA in bone marrow
- increase lymphocyte production
- Reduce blood glucose
- acid resistant so stomach doesnt destroy them
34
Withania somnifera
Aka: ashwaghanda
Constituent: *steroidal lactones* (withanolides)
*Adaptogenic, tonic, spasmolytic, anti-tumor, anti-inflam*
Tonic herb!
Exerts relaxing effect, rests/restores health of nervous system
*Thyroid*-enhances serum T4
*reduces cortisol*
*decreases cholesterol*
Better than hydrocortisone for inflammation!
*Male fertility*
Treat/prevent alzheimers
35
What should be used to enhance male fertility and spermatogenesis?
Withania
| -indicated in male hypogonadism
36
Withania drug i/a?
Anticholinergics
Anticoagulants/antiplatelets
Chronotropic agents
Thyroid drugs
37
Bacopa constituent
*Bacosides A & B*= triterpenoid saponins
38
Bacopa
Cognitive effects, restores neuron activity/impulses
| Uses:*ADHD, increase thryoid level, cardiotonic*
39
Rhodiola
MOA: *stimulates NE, dopamine, and serotonin, MAO inhibitor*
It is an adaptogen, *antidepressant*, *phytoestrogen*
Use: *depression*, enhances thyroid gland fxn, anti-arrhythmic
40
Rhodiola constituent?
*Phenylpropanoids- rosavin
| Lignan- lariciresinol*
41
Fucus
Contains *iodine* which is taken up by thyroid
Earliest tx for goiter!
Has bound & unbound iodine so allows for variable absorption and uptake by thyroid gland
*Nutritious herb which may be useful in mineral def*
Contains polysaccharides—>fullness/satiety
Contraindication: *thyroid removal/hashimotos*
42
Commiphora constituents?
Guggul sterrones
43
Commiphora
Use: *CV conditions*-lowers TG, LDL, VLDL, raises HDL
*Stimulates thryoid gland *which decreases cholesterol
Toxicity- skin rashes
44
Avena sativa
```
Aka: oats
Constituent= whole plant
Potent antioxidants- *avenanthramides (AVN)* increase SOD activity in muscle, liver, kidneys, Herat
Decreases inflammation
Uses: *trophorestorative to nervous system*-relaxant, slight stimulating to motor system, increases stamina and strength
*mental/physical stress*
*Give up tobacco*-aid
*skin conditions*-anti-inflam
Dose: d/t starch moderation
Drug i/a: *opioids*
```
45
Melissa officinalis
Aka: lemon balm
Constituent= *volatile oil- citral *
MOA: *interferes with binding of TSH to thryoid receptors*
Blocks autoantibodies in *graves dz*
*brings JOY to the heart*-carminative
Nervous dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, IBD etc.
46
What is topical Melissa used for?
Herpes simplex 1 & 2
47
Hypericum
Aka: St. John's wort
*Anti-depressant*
*MAO inhibitor*-inhibits reuptake of NE, serotonin, dopamine d/t *hyperforin*
Binds GABA a&b receptors
*Anti-viral*,*Spinal injuries*, *SAD*, herpes, mono, flu
Topically- anti-inflam for burns, bruises, diaper rash, herpes etc.
48
Hypericum dose?
Standardized to *0.3% hypericin*
49
Hypericum constituents:
* Hypericin*-induces CYPs
* hyperoside*- flavonoid
* hyperforin*-acylphloroglucinol, causes problem with digoxin
* catechin tannins*-up to 10%
50
Hypericum drug i/a
*SSRIS, MAOIs*- can cause serotonin syndrome
| Induces CYP3A4
51
What is hypericum contraindicated in?
Pregnancy-abrotifaceint
| *UV light eposure*- photosensitivity at high doses (3600mg+)
52
Matricaria constituent?
Volatile oils- chamazulene*
*apigenin*-supports GABA
*Azulene*-anti-inflam
*alpha-bisbolol*- mucus barrier, protects against ulcers
Flavonoids- relax gastric smooth m, stabilize capillaries
53
Matricaria
Aka: german chamomile
*Azulene *increases granulation tissue, decreases histamine, anti-inflam
*alpha-bisbolol*- anti-inflam, anti-spasmodic, enhances prostaglandins, *strengthens mucosal barrier-protects against ulcers*
Relaxes gastric smooth m.
*Gentle relaxing nervine, carminative, bitter*
Calming!
Overall actions are *slow and long acting/long lasting*
54
Scutellaria lateriflora
Sedative, anti-anxiety
* binds GABA receptor*
- works well for anxiety + muscle/nervous tension which includes *restlessness, anxiety, and insomnia*
* muscular twitching/tremors
55
Eschscholzia californica
Constituent: *alkaloids*
MOA: binds *GABA receptor*
Use: mild pain, anxiety, insomnia
Contraindicated in *pregnancy d/t cyrptidine alkaloids*
56
Valeriana
Contitiuent: *volatile oil- valerenic acid*, valepotriates
Has many constituents and they work together synergistically, complex
Non-addictive and good replacement for benzodiazepine sleep meds
Use: *restless insomnia aggravated by anxiety*
Toxicity: paradoxical stimulation
57
Piper methysticum constituent?
Kava lactones
| -kavain, dihydrokavain
58
Piper methysticum
*sedative/hypnotic, muscle relaxant*
Frequent small repeated doses promote extreme relaxation, lethargy, and sleep!
*Interstitial cystitis pain*-UTI analgesic
Contraindicated in *liver dz/alcoholism*
59
Panax ginseng constituents:
Mixture of steroidal and Triterpenoid saponins
| *ginsenosides*
60
Panax ginseng
*Ginsenosides*-stimulate anterior pituitary to release ACTH
Ginseng extracts normalize blood sugar in hyper/hypoglycemia
*stimulating*-used to improve mental/physical stamina
-excess can cause anxiety, palpitations, diarrhea etc.
*heart failure*
*increases WBCs and immune fxn*
*Promotes estrogenic effects*
61
Panax ginseng and male fertility
Increases male fertility by raising GH, raises sperm count
62
Panax ginseng drug i/a:
```
Many Drug i/a:
Amitriptyline, lithium, phenylzine (MAOIs)
Amoxicillin, clavulanic acid
Insulin
Methamphetamine
Morphine
Warfarin
```
63
Panax ginseng contraindications? Toxicity?
Hemorrhage
HTN
Toxicity: nose bleeds
64
Panax quinquefolius
Aka: american ginseng
Does NOT contain ginsenosides! Greater ratio of *diols* than P.ginseng
*more sedative*-depletion of HPA axis and adrenal glands
Increases pancreatic b-cell insulin production/secretion
*cold/flus*
65
Eleutherococcus senticosus
Constituent: glycosides-*eleutherosides*
Decreases adrenal hypertrophy, corticosteroid production, hyperglycemia
*increases length and quality of life, prevents infection, improves memory, improves appetite*
Use: *adrenal fatigue* (maladaptive stress syndrome stage 3), *chronic viral infections*
66
Eleutherococcus drug i/a:
Monmycin, kanamycin- increases efficacy treating shigella
Hexobarbital (-)
Insulin
Digoxin (-)
67
Lepidium meyenii
Aka: Maca
Constituents: *macaenes, macamides, aromatic glucosinolates*
Use: CNS support, energizing, cognitive fxn/memory, fertility, estrogenic properties, post-menopause Balance, osteoporosis, erectile dysfunction, spermatogenesis, prostate cancer
68
Schisandra
Constituent: *lignans*
Use: *chronic hepatitis*-activates liver cell enzymes that produce glutathione
*hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, anxiolytic, nervine*
Tonic- strengthens lungs, kidneys, adrenals, calms anxiety/insomnia, palpitations, excess stress
69
Glycyrrhiza
Aka: licorice
GL broken down to GA which *inhibits cortisol* through inhibition of *11-b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase*
Anti-inflam, hypertensive
Inhibits *17-HSD* which inhibits conversion of DHEA to testosterone
*Mucoprotective, adrenal tonic, demulcent*
Uses: Anti-ulcer, Adrenal fatigue
70
Glycyrrhiza constituents
*triterpene saponins 3-15%*- *sweet Glycyrrhizin (GL)* breaks down into an aglycone called *18-b-glycyrrhetic acid (GA)*
-present in forms of K+/Ca2+ salts
*isoflavonoids*
Volatile oil- *anethole*
71
Glycyrrhiza drug I/a
* cardiac glycoside potentiation*-d/t effect on Na+/K+
| - stimulant laxatives, diuretics, insulin therapy, spirolactone, amiloride
72
Glycyrrhiza contraindications, toxicity?
C/I= *liver problems*, renal insufficiency, hypertonia, hypokalemia, Pregnant, *hypertension*, *Diabetes*
73
Bupleurum
Constituents: *saikosaponins*
Enhance activity of corticosterone, hepatoprotective, choleretic/cholagogue
uses: *acute/chronic liver dz, hepatic insufficiency*
