Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Tri 7 - Bot Med 2 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What do diaphoretics cause?

A

Increase in body temp d/t vasodilation

Enhances routes of elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phytolacca

A

Aka: Poke

  • Emetic
  • softening and dissolving
  • head, neck, breast lymphagogue= Strongest & Most Popular lymphagogue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What conditions is Phytolacca used for?

A
  • mastitis*-topical wash off, toxic to baby

* Goiters/hypothyroid*-increases circulation through thyroid and imprvoes lymphatic flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the dose for Phytolacca? What are toxicity symps?

A

Dose= 0.2-0.6 mL TID or 10-15 mL/wk MAX!!!

Toxicity= nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, HA
Stop use immediately!
Can cause WBC abnormalities= mitogenic action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Calendula officinalis

A

Aka: marigold
-good for skin, topical anti-inflammatory, stops itching, anti-fungal for kids
-mild lymphagogue
-styptic & vulnerary-stimulates granulation tissue
Safe for KIDS!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What constituent in Calendula causes the styptic/vulnerary actions?

A

Xanthophyls-stimulates granulation tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What condition is calendula great for?

A

Chronic/acute inflammatory skin lesions

-itching, burning, and swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hydrastis canadensis

A 
Aka: *goldenseal*
Not a preventative, it is a Tx!
-*mucous memb tonic*, bitter, cholagogue, anti-microbial etc.
-EXTREMELY BITTER!
-great for *sinusitis*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What constituents are in Hydrastis canadensis

A
  • Alkaloids*
  • Isoquinoline alkaloids
  • Mainly Hydrastine
  • Berberine= strong against E. Coli/parasites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Contraindication for Hydrastis canadensis?

A

G6PD Deficiency
Acute inflammatory conditions
Renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are Mahonia and Berberis different?

A
  • Mahonia*= Does NOT have hydrastine!

- it has free radical scavenging and anti-lipoxygenase activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Berberis/Mahonia

A

Aka: Oregon grape root
Main constituent= isoquninoline alkaloids…NOT hydrastine
Very similar to hydrastis just NOT a mucous memb tonic
Bitter
Use= sluggish GI system, resp/urinary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Usnea barbata

A 
Aka: *old man's beard*
A tree lichen
MOA: usnic acid is an *antibiotic* esp *against gram (+)* Strep, Staph, Mycobacterium tb, etc.
-Anti-tumor
Use: Infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Usnea main constituent?

A

Lichen acids—> Usnic acid

Polysaccharides- immunostimulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Usnea main used for?

A

Infectious conditions:

  • UTI, URI, gastroenteritis, impetigo, strep pharyngitis, skin infections (including fungal)
  • Topically & internally anti-fungal & antibiotic*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is considered the strongest preparation for Usnea?

A

Tincture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sambucus nigra

Parts used?

A

Aka: black elderberry
Parts used:
1. Fruit= Anti-viral & anti-inflammatory/antioxidant
2. Flowers= mild diaphoretic, anti-catarrhal, anti-viral
MOA: SNA-II neutralizes the activity of the hemagglutinin spikes found on the surface of several viruses, inhibits viral proliferation
-antimicrobial to both Gram +/- bacteria
-diaphoretic
Use= H1N1 flu
Caution= can cause skin rashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Main constituent in Sambucus fruit?

A

Flavonoids- quercetin, rutin, anthocyanins
Hemagglutinin lectin Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA I-III)

Anthrocyanins= anti-rheumatic, cross links collagen, antioxidant, prevents enzymatic cleavage of collagen during inflammation, prevents inflammation (histamine, PGs, leuk), promotes mucopolysaccharides/collagen synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Main constituent in Sambucus flower?

A

Triterpenes- Ursolic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Can you use the root, leaves, or bark of Sambucus?

A

NOT internally!
External use only!
-hemorrhoids, bites, wounds, stings etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Echinacea main constituents?

A
  • Water-soluble polysaccharides*-immunostimulatory
  • Alkylamides*-lipid based anti-inflammatory compounds
  • isobutylamides*
  • Polyaetylenes/polyenes*
  • Caffeic/ferulic acid*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Echinacea MOA?

A
  • Increased WBC activity (lymphocytes/macrophages)
  • Inhibition of PGE2
  • modulates endocannabinoid system by targeting CB2 receptor
  • inhibits hyaluronidase-bacterial enzyme
  • Antioxidant activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Echinacea uses?

A

Infectious conditions: common cold
-lowers anxiety

Do NOT use in pt with altered Th1/Th2 balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Echinacea drug i/a?

A
  • inhibits CYP1A2 and modulates CYP3A* at hepatic and intestinal sites
  • Immunosupressants (-)
  • hepatotoxic drugs (-)
  • econazole nitrate (+)- helps it for candidiasis
  • 7-benzyloxyresorufin (-)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of echinacea uses the flower?

A

Echinacea purpurea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of echinacea uses the roots?

A

Echinacea augustifolia

Echinacea pallida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Astragalus membranaceus constituent?

A
  • polysaccharides
  • Triterpenoids (over 100)
  • flavonoids
  • isoflavones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Astragalus membranaceus

A

Anti-inflammatory, immmunoregulatory, cardioprotective, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antitumor, metabolic restorative
MOA:
-enhances the cytotoxicity and activity of NK cells
-protects against immunosuppression induced by chemotherapy
-Antiviral-inhibits adenovirus, Hep B
-metabolic activity
-CVionotropic so increases CO while decreasing BP
Uses:
-improves digestion
-tonifies qi- blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Astragalus uses?

A
  • Immune conditions*-common cold, flu, lung infections, URTs in kids.
  • Renal*
  • Hepatobiliary*- chronic viral hepatitis
  • CV*-angina/arrythmias
  • metabolic*
  • anti-inflammatory*-inhibits NFkB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What causes drug i/a with astragalus?

A

The p-glycoprotien

31
Q

Contraindications for astragalus?

A

Acute infections

32
Q

Ganoderma

A

Aka: reishi mushrooms
Constituent: Triterpenes: ganodermic acid
polysaccharides: B-D-glycans, D6-glycans
Uses:
-anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory, cardiotonic
MOA:
-inhibits release of histamine preventing allergic rxns

33
Q

What do B-glycans in mushrooms do?

A

Have greater water solubility d/t higher molecular weight

  • *Induce interferon production
  • disrupt viral replication
  • inhibit bacterial infections*
  • increase RNA/DNA in bone marrow
  • increase lymphocyte production
  • Reduce blood glucose
  • acid resistant so stomach doesnt destroy them
34
Q

Withania somnifera

A

Aka: ashwaghanda
Constituent: steroidal lactones (withanolides)
Adaptogenic, tonic, spasmolytic, anti-tumor, anti-inflam
Tonic herb!
Exerts relaxing effect, rests/restores health of nervous system
Thyroid-enhances serum T4
reduces cortisol
decreases cholesterol
Better than hydrocortisone for inflammation!
Male fertility
Treat/prevent alzheimers

35
Q

What should be used to enhance male fertility and spermatogenesis?

A

Withania

-indicated in male hypogonadism

36
Q

Withania drug i/a?

A

Anticholinergics
Anticoagulants/antiplatelets
Chronotropic agents
Thyroid drugs

37
Q

Bacopa constituent

A

Bacosides A & B= triterpenoid saponins

38
Q

Bacopa

A

Cognitive effects, restores neuron activity/impulses

Uses:ADHD, increase thryoid level, cardiotonic

39
Q

Rhodiola

A

MOA: stimulates NE, dopamine, and serotonin, MAO inhibitor
It is an adaptogen, antidepressant, phytoestrogen
Use: depression, enhances thyroid gland fxn, anti-arrhythmic

40
Q

Rhodiola constituent?

A

*Phenylpropanoids- rosavin

Lignan- lariciresinol*

41
Q

Fucus

A

Contains iodine which is taken up by thyroid
Earliest tx for goiter!
Has bound & unbound iodine so allows for variable absorption and uptake by thyroid gland
Nutritious herb which may be useful in mineral def
Contains polysaccharides—>fullness/satiety
Contraindication: thyroid removal/hashimotos

42
Q

Commiphora constituents?

A

Guggul sterrones

43
Q

Commiphora

A

Use: CV conditions-lowers TG, LDL, VLDL, raises HDL
*Stimulates thryoid gland *which decreases cholesterol
Toxicity- skin rashes

44
Q

Avena sativa

A 
Aka: oats
Constituent= whole plant
Potent antioxidants- *avenanthramides (AVN)* increase SOD activity in muscle, liver, kidneys, Herat
Decreases inflammation
Uses: *trophorestorative to nervous system*-relaxant, slight stimulating to motor system, increases stamina and strength
*mental/physical stress*
*Give up tobacco*-aid
*skin conditions*-anti-inflam
Dose: d/t starch moderation
Drug i/a: *opioids*
45
Q

Melissa officinalis

A

Aka: lemon balm
Constituent= *volatile oil- citral *
MOA: interferes with binding of TSH to thryoid receptors
Blocks autoantibodies in graves dz
brings JOY to the heart-carminative
Nervous dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, IBD etc.

46
Q

What is topical Melissa used for?

A

Herpes simplex 1 & 2

47
Q

Hypericum

A

Aka: St. John’s wort
Anti-depressant
MAO inhibitor-inhibits reuptake of NE, serotonin, dopamine d/t hyperforin
Binds GABA a&b receptors
Anti-viral,Spinal injuries, SAD, herpes, mono, flu
Topically- anti-inflam for burns, bruises, diaper rash, herpes etc.

48
Q

Hypericum dose?

A

Standardized to 0.3% hypericin

49
Q

Hypericum constituents:

A
  • Hypericin*-induces CYPs
  • hyperoside*- flavonoid
  • hyperforin*-acylphloroglucinol, causes problem with digoxin
  • catechin tannins*-up to 10%
50
Q

Hypericum drug i/a

A

SSRIS, MAOIs- can cause serotonin syndrome

Induces CYP3A4

51
Q

What is hypericum contraindicated in?

A

Pregnancy-abrotifaceint

UV light eposure- photosensitivity at high doses (3600mg+)

52
Q

Matricaria constituent?

A

Volatile oils- chamazulene*
apigenin-supports GABA
Azulene-anti-inflam
alpha-bisbolol- mucus barrier, protects against ulcers
Flavonoids- relax gastric smooth m, stabilize capillaries

53
Q

Matricaria

A

Aka: german chamomile
*Azulene *increases granulation tissue, decreases histamine, anti-inflam
alpha-bisbolol- anti-inflam, anti-spasmodic, enhances prostaglandins, strengthens mucosal barrier-protects against ulcers
Relaxes gastric smooth m.
Gentle relaxing nervine, carminative, bitter
Calming!
Overall actions are slow and long acting/long lasting

54
Q

Scutellaria lateriflora

A

Sedative, anti-anxiety

  • binds GABA receptor*
  • works well for anxiety + muscle/nervous tension which includes restlessness, anxiety, and insomnia
  • muscular twitching/tremors
55
Q

Eschscholzia californica

A

Constituent: alkaloids
MOA: binds GABA receptor
Use: mild pain, anxiety, insomnia
Contraindicated in pregnancy d/t cyrptidine alkaloids

56
Q

Valeriana

A

Contitiuent: volatile oil- valerenic acid, valepotriates
Has many constituents and they work together synergistically, complex
Non-addictive and good replacement for benzodiazepine sleep meds
Use: restless insomnia aggravated by anxiety

Toxicity: paradoxical stimulation

57
Q

Piper methysticum constituent?

A

Kava lactones

-kavain, dihydrokavain

58
Q

Piper methysticum

A

sedative/hypnotic, muscle relaxant
Frequent small repeated doses promote extreme relaxation, lethargy, and sleep!
Interstitial cystitis pain-UTI analgesic
Contraindicated in liver dz/alcoholism

59
Q

Panax ginseng constituents:

A

Mixture of steroidal and Triterpenoid saponins

ginsenosides

60
Q

Panax ginseng

A

Ginsenosides-stimulate anterior pituitary to release ACTH
Ginseng extracts normalize blood sugar in hyper/hypoglycemia
stimulating-used to improve mental/physical stamina
-excess can cause anxiety, palpitations, diarrhea etc.
heart failure
increases WBCs and immune fxn
Promotes estrogenic effects

61
Q

Panax ginseng and male fertility

A

Increases male fertility by raising GH, raises sperm count

62
Q

Panax ginseng drug i/a:

A 
Many Drug i/a:
Amitriptyline, lithium, phenylzine (MAOIs)
Amoxicillin, clavulanic acid
Insulin
Methamphetamine
Morphine
Warfarin
63
Q

Panax ginseng contraindications? Toxicity?

A

Hemorrhage
HTN

Toxicity: nose bleeds

64
Q

Panax quinquefolius

A

Aka: american ginseng
Does NOT contain ginsenosides! Greater ratio of diols than P.ginseng
more sedative-depletion of HPA axis and adrenal glands
Increases pancreatic b-cell insulin production/secretion
cold/flus

65
Q

Eleutherococcus senticosus

A

Constituent: glycosides-eleutherosides
Decreases adrenal hypertrophy, corticosteroid production, hyperglycemia
increases length and quality of life, prevents infection, improves memory, improves appetite
Use: adrenal fatigue (maladaptive stress syndrome stage 3), chronic viral infections

66
Q

Eleutherococcus drug i/a:

A

Monmycin, kanamycin- increases efficacy treating shigella
Hexobarbital (-)
Insulin
Digoxin (-)

67
Q

Lepidium meyenii

A

Aka: Maca
Constituents: macaenes, macamides, aromatic glucosinolates
Use: CNS support, energizing, cognitive fxn/memory, fertility, estrogenic properties, post-menopause Balance, osteoporosis, erectile dysfunction, spermatogenesis, prostate cancer

68
Q

Schisandra

A

Constituent: lignans
Use: chronic hepatitis-activates liver cell enzymes that produce glutathione
hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, anxiolytic, nervine
Tonic- strengthens lungs, kidneys, adrenals, calms anxiety/insomnia, palpitations, excess stress

69
Q

Glycyrrhiza

A

Aka: licorice
GL broken down to GA which inhibits cortisol through inhibition of 11-b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Anti-inflam, hypertensive
Inhibits 17-HSD which inhibits conversion of DHEA to testosterone
Mucoprotective, adrenal tonic, demulcent
Uses: Anti-ulcer, Adrenal fatigue

70
Q

Glycyrrhiza constituents

A

triterpene saponins 3-15%- sweet Glycyrrhizin (GL) breaks down into an aglycone called 18-b-glycyrrhetic acid (GA)
-present in forms of K+/Ca2+ salts
isoflavonoids
Volatile oil- anethole

71
Q

Glycyrrhiza drug I/a

A
  • cardiac glycoside potentiation*-d/t effect on Na+/K+

- stimulant laxatives, diuretics, insulin therapy, spirolactone, amiloride

72
Q

Glycyrrhiza contraindications, toxicity?

A

C/I= liver problems, renal insufficiency, hypertonia, hypokalemia, Pregnant, hypertension, Diabetes

73
Q

Bupleurum

A

Constituents: saikosaponins
Enhance activity of corticosterone, hepatoprotective, choleretic/cholagogue
uses: acute/chronic liver dz, hepatic insufficiency

Tri 7 - Bot Med 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions