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3118 Routing and Switching Essentials > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Network Characteristics

A

Topology, Speed, Cost, Security, Availability, Scalability, Reliability

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2
Q

Components of a Network Capable Device

A

CPU, Operating System, Memory and Storage

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3
Q

Process Switching

A

Packets are forwarded to the control panel where the CPU decides where to forward the packet

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4
Q

Fast Switching

A

A fast switching cache is used to store next-hop information. If a packet is going to a destination with info in the cache the next-hop info in the cache is used without CPU intervention

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5
Q

Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)

A

CEF uses a Forwarding Information Base that is change-triggered. It is the fastest forwarding method and preferred choice on Cisco routers

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6
Q

Best Path

A

Selected by a routing protocol based on the value/metric it uses to determine the distance to reach a network. It is the path with the lowest metric

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7
Q

Metric

A

Value used to measure distance to a network

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8
Q

Dynamic routing protocol metrics

A

RIP - hop count
OSPF - Cost (cumulative bandwidth fr source to dest.)
EIGRP - Bandwidth, delay, load, reliability

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9
Q

Load Balancing

A

When a router has two or more paths with equal cost metrics, packets are forwarded using all paths equally

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10
Q

Administrative Distance

A

If multiple paths to the same dest. are configured on the same router, the one in the route table is the one with the lowest AD. The lower AD, the more reliable

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11
Q

Routing Table

A

Stored in RAM, contains info about direct connected and remote routes

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12
Q

What does OSPF stand for?

A

Open Shortest Path First

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13
Q

What does EIGRP stand for?

A

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

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14
Q

What does RIP stand for?

A

Routing Information Protocol

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15
Q

What does IS-IS stand for?

A

Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System

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16
Q

IPv6 Dynamic Routing Protocols

A

OSPFv3, RIPng (next gen), EIGRP for IPv6

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17
Q

IPv6 Static Route Next Hop Options

A

Next hop: only ip specified
Direct: only exit interface specified
Fully specified: ip and exit interface specified

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18
Q

IGP

A

Interior gateway protocol: routing within an AS; includes RIP, OSPF, IS-IS

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19
Q

EGP

A

Exterior gateway protocol: routing between AS; BGP is the official protocol used by internet

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20
Q

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

A

Use distance (hop count/#of routers) and direction (which interface)

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21
Q

Link-State Routing Protocols

A

Use sophisticated algorithm (SPF) and simple metrics (bandwidth) to calculate best path

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22
Q

Why passive interfaces?

A

Because unneeded updates are waste of bandwidth, resources and security risk

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23
Q

How to propagate a default route?

A

default-information originate

24
Q

Routes are discussed in terms of?

A

Ultimate, level 1, level 1 parent, level 2 child

25
Q

Ultimate Route

A

Contains either next-hop ip or exit interface

26
Q

Level 1 Route

A

Subnet mask is equal to or less than the classful mask of the net address (eg. network, supernet/summary, default)

27
Q

IPv6 Route Table Entries

A

All routes are level 1 ultimate routes

28
Q

Converged network elements

A

Multiple types of traffic only one network, savings on installation and management, integrates IT management

29
Q

Cisco Borderless Networks

A

Allows organizations to connect anyone, anywhere, anytime, any device, securely, reliably and seamlessly

30
Q

Borderless Switched Network designs built on what principles?

A

Hierarchical, modularity, resiliency, flexibility

31
Q

Switched Network Form Factors?

A

Fixed, stackable, modular

32
Q

Multilayer Switching

A

Deployed in core and distribution layers, can build route table, supports few routing protocols, forwards ip packets, supports multiple SVIs

33
Q

Switch Boot Sequence

A
  1. POST
  2. Run boot loader software (small program in ROM)
  3. Boot loader performs low-level CPU initialization
  4. Boot loader initializes flash file system
  5. Boot loader locates and loads a default IOS software image into memory and passes control of switch to IOS
34
Q

Where are configuration files stored on a switch?

A

NVRAM

35
Q

How to use boot loader to manage switch?

A
  1. Connect by console cable and unplug power cord
  2. Reconnect power cord and hold Mode button
  3. Wait for the System LED to turn amber and then green. Release the Mode button. Boot loader prompt in terminal is Switch:
36
Q

Cisco Catalyst 2960 switch modes

A

System, Redundant power system (RPS), Port status, Port duplex, Port Speed, Power over Ethernet (PoE)

37
Q

Duplex Communication

A

Full duplex: send and receive

Half duplex: send or receive

38
Q

Auto-MDIX

A

Certain cable types were required when connecting devices, the auto medium-dependent interface crossover feature eliminates this problem. When auto-MDIX is enabled, interface auto detects and configures the connection. When using auto-MDIX on an interface, the interface speed and duplex must be auto.

39
Q

3 Port Security Violation Modes

A

Protect: no notification
Restrict: notification received
Shutdown

40
Q

Normal Range VLANs and Extended Range VLANs

A

Normal range: 1 to 1005 (1002-1005 for legacy VLANs)

Extended range: 1006 to 4096

41
Q

What is an ACL?

A

A series of IOS commands that control whether a router forwards or drops packets based on info from the packet header

42
Q

ACEs

A

Access control entries (ACL statements)

43
Q

Wildcard Mask

A

a string of 32 binary digits used by router to determine which bits of address to examine for a match

44
Q

Extended ACLs

A

Configure as close to source as possible

45
Q

Standard ALCs

A

Configure as close to destination as possible

46
Q

Four Step Process to Obtain a Lease

A
  1. DHCP Discover
  2. DHCP Offer
  3. DHCP Request
  4. DHCP Acknowledgement
47
Q

Two Step Process to Renew a Lease

A
  1. DHCP Request

2. DHCP Acknowledgement

48
Q

SLAAC

A

Stateless Address Auto Configuration. Uses router solicitation (RS) and router advertisement (RA) messages to provide addressing and other configuration information

49
Q

Duplicate Address Detection

A

Send a Neighbor Solicitation message to an IPv6 address and wait for a response to check if address is in use

50
Q

What is NAT?

A

Used to translate private IP addresses to public addresses, hides internal addresses from outside networks

51
Q

PAT

A

Port Address Translation (NAT overload), can use one public IPv4 address to allow thousand of private IPv4 addresses to communicate with outside network devices. Uses port numbers to track the session

52
Q

CDP

A

Cisco Discovery Protocol, layer 2 protocol used to gather info about Cisco devices sharing a link: type of device, name, number and type of interfaces

53
Q

LLDP

A

Link Layer Discovery Protocol, vendor neutral neighbor discovery like CDP, works with routers, switches, wireless LAN access points. Advertises identity and capabilities to other devices and info from connected layer 2 devices

54
Q

NTP

A

Network Time Protocol: uses UDP port 123, obtain time and date from single source

55
Q

NTP Operation

A

Stratum 0: top level of hierarchical system, authoritative time sources, assumed to be accurate
Stratum 1: directly connected to authoritative sources and act as primary network time standard
Stratum 2 and Lower: connected to stratum 1 devices via network connections, act as servers for stratum 3 devices
Smaller stratum numbers: closer to authoritative time source
Larger stratum number: lower stratum level (max hop is 15)
Stratum 16: lowest stratum level, indicates device is unsynchronized

56
Q

Syslog

A

Describes a standard and protocol. UDP port 514. Provides ability to gather logging info for monitoring and troubleshooting, select type of logging info, specify destinations of captured messages

57
Q

Syslog Message Destinations

A

Logging buffer (RAM), console line, terminal line, Syslog server

3118 Routing and Switching Essentials (1 decks)

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