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Sociology 321: Gender and Work > Midterm :) > Flashcards

Midterm :) Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sex

A

Biological differences in birth or later in life

Sex as a spectrum

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2
Q

Gender

A

Sex role that accompy the sex of a person (markers)

Culturally ascribed

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3
Q

Traditional notions of gender identity

A

Divided between feminine and masculine (e.g.: emotional VS. rational)

It creates gender binary

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4
Q

Levels of operation

A

Socialization, interactions and social structure

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5
Q

Gender role

A

Displays, markers/behaviours in your life domains that ppl expect according to your gender

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6
Q

Gender identity

A

What you identity. Determine your gender roles.

We embodie the expectations of society in our identity.

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7
Q

Heteronormativity

A

Dualism - straight world order (binary)

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8
Q

Intersectionality

A

The intersection of different stratification systems (race, class, gender, etc.)

  • Relationships between social constructs (not static) bound with time period and culture
  • Not additive
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9
Q

Gender (Doing gender - West and Zimmerman)

A

As a routine accomplishment embedded in everyday interaction (achieved) in institutions

An emergent feature of social situations; a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions of society

No organizational context

Socialization

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10
Q

Sex (Doing gender - West & Zimmerman)

A

Hidden, but we pressumpt them

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11
Q

Sex category (Doing gender - West and Zimmerman)

A

Achieved through application of the sex criteria, but in everyday life, categorization is established by displays (pros)

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12
Q

Gender displays (Doing gender - West and Zimmerman)

A

scripted dramatization of the cultures idealization of feminine and masculine natures

Played for an audience

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13
Q

Sex role theory (Risman)

A

Suggests that girls develop nurturant personalities & boys become competitive

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14
Q

Object-relations psychoanalytic perspective (Risman)

A

From exclusive mothering: girls develop selves based on contectedness and relationships while boys develop selves based on independance and authonomy

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15
Q

Maternal thinking

A

Women nurture they value peace and justice

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16
Q

Risman’s point of view

A

Structuralist

Men and women behave differently b/c they fill different positions in institutions (family, work)
Also, even if they are in similar structures, they still behave differently (e.g.: reproductive labour)
b/c the structure of gender has contrained the possible choices (e.g. marry, name your children)

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17
Q

Cons of doing gender (Risman)

A

Undertheorize the pervasiveness of gender inequality in organizations & gendered identities

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18
Q

Doing differences (Risman)

A

Follow doing gender

More broad to all sorts of inequality (e.g. race)

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19
Q

Cons of sex role theory (Kimmel)

A
  • Gender is only a role (too theatrical) - deny structure
  • Doesn’t consider context
  • Sees it as complementary
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20
Q

Social constructionism on gender (Kimmel)

A

Dominance creates gender differences.
Power belongs to a group not an individual

Both our biographies and history are gendered

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21
Q

Yancey Martin’s argument

A

Social constructionist

Gender as a social structure - work as one aspect of gender (re)production

Men and women socially construct each other at work by practicing gender.

These interactions impair women workers

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22
Q

Gender dynamics (Yancey Martin)

A
  • Gender practices

- Practicing gender: directional and temporal

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23
Q

Benoit’s argument

A

It is not wrong to have to have a division of gender in society. It is the devaluation of these tasks in capitalist society. (e.g.: unpaid domestic work)

The absence of surplus avoid unequal societies

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24
Q

2 types of societies (Benoit)

A
  1. Horizontally organized: gender equal society in the precapitalist area
  2. Hierarchical/vertical: social stratification based on wealth and prestige
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25
Q

Feminine mystique

A

By Friedman
Balance the gender order after WWII
By journalists & psychologists - what it is to be a good woman in the cult of domesticity
Women as a consumer of good

However, a lot of women could not afford to fit with the ideals of women (race, class)

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26
Q

Wage gap explanation

A

Due to segregation, how we value skills, how promotions/rewards are distributed

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27
Q

Labour of love

A

Interpersonal support energy in expecting the relationship; invisible (domestic labour; emotional labour)
You do it ‘for love’, but if you don’t do it you’re marginalized

It reproduces inequal relationships between gender

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28
Q

Hunter-gatherers society (Benoit)

A
  • No private/public sphere
  • Horizontal divisions by gender and age, but everyone’s work was value
  • Not concerned about ownership
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29
Q

Small-scale agriculturists (Benoit)

A
  • Food Surplus
  • Settlement – OWNERSHIP (men as win the resources)
  • Specialization of work → created the division of gender, and women became isolated
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30
Q

The Fishers (Benoit)

A
  • Their activities are seen as secondary in work

- Still have a voice in other spheres

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31
Q

New France (Benoit)

A
  • Hierarchy with race and gender (patriarchal society)

- Emergence of the feminity

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32
Q

Preindustrial area

A
  • Clear division of gender, but a lot of a lot of overlap
  • All artisans were men (Padavic & Reskin)
  • White women: mechanic society
    A lot of women work, but at the lowest paid and women were largely dependent to men
  • Women of color: double oppression except Asian, saw as sex objects & no rights & no agency (Hesse-Bibber, Nagy & Carter)
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33
Q

The Industrial Revolution

A
  • Emergence of the labor force; distinction between paid & unpaid work
  • Ideology of Separate Sphere: cult of domesticity & gender identity (Padavic & Reskin)
34
Q

Globalization

A
  • Increase of women in the labor force around the work especially in the informal sector
  • Wage gap b/c of lesser value of women’s work (Padavic & Reskin)
  • Expected that women will be docile/malleable for manufactured goods
35
Q

4 explanations why women do more emotion work than women (Hoschchild)

A
  1. Lack of material resources
  2. Emotion work/labour as socialization
  3. Women have a weaker status shield because of their subordinate status
  4. Gendered forms of emotional labour commercialized how women react to subordination is by making defensive use of what is deemed feminine attributes
36
Q

Lack of material resources

A

B/c they are economically dependent, women give their emotional resources in exchange

‘repaying their debt’ by celebrating the well-being & status of others

37
Q

Emotion work/labour as socialization

A

Girls are told to control their anger to be nice while boys are mastering the task of fear and vulnerability to the ones who break the rules

38
Q

Women have a weaker status shield b/c of their subordinate status

A

Those who are viewed as having power/authority are less likely to experience displaced emotions from others.

39
Q

Status shield

A

The ability and expectation to defend one self against the displaced feelings of others

40
Q

Doctrine of feelings

A

Powerful people have the priviledge of having their feelings noticed and considered important

41
Q

Emotion work/labour

A

Commodification of private emotion sold for a profit in a capitalist economy.

In a work context, an individual as to suppress feelings within themselves by changing their thoughts, gestures and etc. by acting.

42
Q

Men emotional labour

A

Have to express masculinity.

  • Instrumental
  • Emotionally distant from your life, be quick
    e. g.: lawyer and finance
43
Q

Policing (Martin)

A

Binary emotional labour

crime fighting (male) VS supervisor (female)

44
Q

Male officer/male citizen (Martin)

A

Male police have status superiority and age sup.

Test of masculinity in fights

45
Q

Male officer/female citizen (Martin)

A

Double-status superiority

Male police can use a flirting script or sexual flattery to gain control

No emotional displays

46
Q

Female officer, female citizen (Martin)

A

Greater cooperation, but also greater resistance

Police limit authority

47
Q

Female police (Martin)

A

Have to be more aggressive, but are allow to shot a set of expressions

48
Q

How police organizations control emotion work (Martin)

A

Selection

Socialization

Observation

49
Q

Coping mechanisms

A

Women colleagues as ‘nurturant mothers’

Group solidarity through athletic activity, sex and alcohol

Women have less opportunity to do so.

50
Q

Rambo litigators (Pierce)

A

Agressive lawyers

51
Q

Lawyers’ emotional labour (Pierce)

A

Manipulating one’s emotions to win over or dominate another (masculinize)

  • Intimidation
  • Strategic friendliness
52
Q

Voir dire (Pierce)

A

Obtain personal info about jurors to develop a positive rapport

53
Q

Hoang study

A

Sex workers: type and intensity of emotional labour dependent on sector depending on women’s class

Repressive (suppress) VS expressive emotional labour

Middle-class: expressive; love scenarios
High: embodie the masculine in the public sphere

So you pay more for more emotions

54
Q

Third shift

A

Social network keeper keep up with extended family

55
Q

Sex composition

A

Representation of women and men in a particular occupation

56
Q

Gender typing

A

The process through which occupations come to be viewed as appropriate for workers with masculine and feminine characteristics
e.g.: teacher

57
Q

How restaurants do gender (Hall)

A
  • Hired/allocate workers to form gender distinctions
  • Use stereotypes (smiling)
  • Structure interactions (flirting)
58
Q

Being a servant (Hall)

A

The form of subordination and the options for resistance vary with the type of restaurants and the service style (formal vs. familial)

and gender

59
Q

The Flirting game (Hall)

A

In the low prestige restaurants, young waitresses accepted flriting in their interactions with male customers (service style)

A little bit in high scale restaurant

Sexual harassment

60
Q

Wiliams et al.’s argument

A

Following Acker (1990), the new elements in the new economy are

  • teamwork
  • careers maps
  • networking
61
Q

Teamwork (Williams)

A

On male-dominated teams, women have difficulties to promote themselves

62
Q

Career Maps

A

If the supervisor has gender bias, you can’t have promotions or even be hired

Supervisors can approve accomodations of part-time jobs or maternal leaves

63
Q

Networking

A

Masculine activities

Women activities with less opportunities

64
Q

The domestic division of labour (3) (Hoschchild)

A
  • Traditional
    ‘helpers’
  • Egalitarian
  • Transitional: mix between the 2 - women should do both, husband feels guilty

The ideology between gender is not the same (women = egalitarian, men = transitional)

65
Q

Gender strategies for women

A

ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE

  • Balance
  • Stress husband
  • Don’t do it
  • Supermom (cut hours in the public sphere)
66
Q

Gender strategies for men

A

RESISTANCE TO PRESSURE

  1. Disaffiliation: ‘playing dumb’ - with Q
  2. Needs reduction: do we really need to do that?
  3. Substitute offerings: I will do something for u later
  4. Encouragement of wife’s effort
67
Q

Relative resources (domestic work)

A

Missing the resources to challenge the distribution b/c of wage gap

Discredited

68
Q

Time availability (domestic work)

A

Proportional with the time spend at work with women

Discredited

69
Q

Gender ideologies (domestic work)

A

How you identifie as your gender (feminity/masculinity tasks)

70
Q

Economic dependency

A

Economically dependent, women do more.

Discredited b/c even when she earns more, she does more

71
Q

Theoretical explanations on reproductive labour

A
  1. Relative resources
  2. Time availibility
  3. Gender ideologies
  4. Economic dependency
72
Q

4 primary forms of unpaid work

A
  1. Care of children in the household
  2. Domestic work
  3. Care provided to seniors
  4. Volunteer work (38 vs. 33%)
73
Q

Smith’s argument

A

Sees gender as a social construct

Hosuehusbands embody a challenge to stereotyped views of men as nondomestic and nonnurturing and the breadwinner

  • Personal processes
  • Interpersonal interactions
  • Marital manifestations of the gender order
74
Q

Personal processes (SMith)

A

Internalized beliefs/identity to justify their social location : ‘nonmacho’ masculinity

75
Q

Interpersonal interactions (Smith)

A

Negociation between the spouses

Gatekeepers reject househusbands (taboo)

Faux pas (see as temporary for e.g.), not the first caregiver

76
Q

Marital manifestations of the gender order (Smith)

A

In the architectural and sociophysical features

77
Q

Solutions (Smith)

A

Gender-in-home

Reject gender differences by psychological androgyny

Don’t integrate

Say it is temporary

78
Q

Tichenor’s argument

A

Gender identity of spouses subvert the cultural link between women and money and reproduces dominance within marriage

Men still think that they are the provider and have authority

79
Q

Romero’s argument

A

Domestic work challenges the notions of sisterhood for feminist. They are still women and are racialized. Should not pu the burden on another group

80
Q

Hochchild’s argument

A
  • Reduce immigration
  • Fathers should do more childcare
  • Nanny’s work should be more values
81
Q

Kilkey’s argument

A

The article responds to this gap by focusing on male domestic workers. The focus is such, however, that a new dimension to the emerging research agenda on male domestic workers is suggested. Thus, it is argued that in addition to examining how men are implicated in the global redistribution of stereotypically female tasks of domestic labor, we need to broaden our conceptualization of social reproduction to interrogate the ways in which stereotypically male areas of domestic work, such as gardening and household repair and maintenance, are embedded in global care chains.

Sociology 321: Gender and Work (2 decks)

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