Midterm :) Flashcards
Sex
Biological differences in birth or later in life
Sex as a spectrum
Gender
Sex role that accompy the sex of a person (markers)
Culturally ascribed
Traditional notions of gender identity
Divided between feminine and masculine (e.g.: emotional VS. rational)
It creates gender binary
Levels of operation
Socialization, interactions and social structure
Gender role
Displays, markers/behaviours in your life domains that ppl expect according to your gender
Gender identity
What you identity. Determine your gender roles.
We embodie the expectations of society in our identity.
Heteronormativity
Dualism - straight world order (binary)
Intersectionality
The intersection of different stratification systems (race, class, gender, etc.)
- Relationships between social constructs (not static) bound with time period and culture
- Not additive
Gender (Doing gender - West and Zimmerman)
As a routine accomplishment embedded in everyday interaction (achieved) in institutions
An emergent feature of social situations; a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions of society
No organizational context
Socialization
Sex (Doing gender - West & Zimmerman)
Hidden, but we pressumpt them
Sex category (Doing gender - West and Zimmerman)
Achieved through application of the sex criteria, but in everyday life, categorization is established by displays (pros)
Gender displays (Doing gender - West and Zimmerman)
scripted dramatization of the cultures idealization of feminine and masculine natures
Played for an audience
Sex role theory (Risman)
Suggests that girls develop nurturant personalities & boys become competitive
Object-relations psychoanalytic perspective (Risman)
From exclusive mothering: girls develop selves based on contectedness and relationships while boys develop selves based on independance and authonomy
Maternal thinking
Women nurture they value peace and justice
Risman’s point of view
Structuralist
Men and women behave differently b/c they fill different positions in institutions (family, work)
Also, even if they are in similar structures, they still behave differently (e.g.: reproductive labour)
b/c the structure of gender has contrained the possible choices (e.g. marry, name your children)
Cons of doing gender (Risman)
Undertheorize the pervasiveness of gender inequality in organizations & gendered identities
Doing differences (Risman)
Follow doing gender
More broad to all sorts of inequality (e.g. race)
Cons of sex role theory (Kimmel)
- Gender is only a role (too theatrical) - deny structure
- Doesn’t consider context
- Sees it as complementary
Social constructionism on gender (Kimmel)
Dominance creates gender differences.
Power belongs to a group not an individual
Both our biographies and history are gendered
Yancey Martin’s argument
Social constructionist
Gender as a social structure - work as one aspect of gender (re)production
Men and women socially construct each other at work by practicing gender.
These interactions impair women workers
Gender dynamics (Yancey Martin)
- Gender practices
- Practicing gender: directional and temporal
Benoit’s argument
It is not wrong to have to have a division of gender in society. It is the devaluation of these tasks in capitalist society. (e.g.: unpaid domestic work)
The absence of surplus avoid unequal societies
2 types of societies (Benoit)
- Horizontally organized: gender equal society in the precapitalist area
- Hierarchical/vertical: social stratification based on wealth and prestige
Feminine mystique
By Friedman
Balance the gender order after WWII
By journalists & psychologists - what it is to be a good woman in the cult of domesticity
Women as a consumer of good
However, a lot of women could not afford to fit with the ideals of women (race, class)
Wage gap explanation
Due to segregation, how we value skills, how promotions/rewards are distributed
Labour of love
Interpersonal support energy in expecting the relationship; invisible (domestic labour; emotional labour)
You do it ‘for love’, but if you don’t do it you’re marginalized
It reproduces inequal relationships between gender
Hunter-gatherers society (Benoit)
- No private/public sphere
- Horizontal divisions by gender and age, but everyone’s work was value
- Not concerned about ownership
Small-scale agriculturists (Benoit)
- Food Surplus
- Settlement – OWNERSHIP (men as win the resources)
- Specialization of work → created the division of gender, and women became isolated
The Fishers (Benoit)
- Their activities are seen as secondary in work
- Still have a voice in other spheres
New France (Benoit)
- Hierarchy with race and gender (patriarchal society)
- Emergence of the feminity
Preindustrial area
- Clear division of gender, but a lot of a lot of overlap
- All artisans were men (Padavic & Reskin)
- White women: mechanic society
A lot of women work, but at the lowest paid and women were largely dependent to men - Women of color: double oppression except Asian, saw as sex objects & no rights & no agency (Hesse-Bibber, Nagy & Carter)
The Industrial Revolution
- Emergence of the labor force; distinction between paid & unpaid work
- Ideology of Separate Sphere: cult of domesticity & gender identity (Padavic & Reskin)
Globalization
- Increase of women in the labor force around the work especially in the informal sector
- Wage gap b/c of lesser value of women’s work (Padavic & Reskin)
- Expected that women will be docile/malleable for manufactured goods
4 explanations why women do more emotion work than women (Hoschchild)
- Lack of material resources
- Emotion work/labour as socialization
- Women have a weaker status shield because of their subordinate status
- Gendered forms of emotional labour commercialized how women react to subordination is by making defensive use of what is deemed feminine attributes
Lack of material resources
B/c they are economically dependent, women give their emotional resources in exchange
‘repaying their debt’ by celebrating the well-being & status of others
Emotion work/labour as socialization
Girls are told to control their anger to be nice while boys are mastering the task of fear and vulnerability to the ones who break the rules
Women have a weaker status shield b/c of their subordinate status
Those who are viewed as having power/authority are less likely to experience displaced emotions from others.
Status shield
The ability and expectation to defend one self against the displaced feelings of others
Doctrine of feelings
Powerful people have the priviledge of having their feelings noticed and considered important
Emotion work/labour
Commodification of private emotion sold for a profit in a capitalist economy.
In a work context, an individual as to suppress feelings within themselves by changing their thoughts, gestures and etc. by acting.
Men emotional labour
Have to express masculinity.
- Instrumental
- Emotionally distant from your life, be quick
e. g.: lawyer and finance
Policing (Martin)
Binary emotional labour
crime fighting (male) VS supervisor (female)
Male officer/male citizen (Martin)
Male police have status superiority and age sup.
Test of masculinity in fights
Male officer/female citizen (Martin)
Double-status superiority
Male police can use a flirting script or sexual flattery to gain control
No emotional displays
Female officer, female citizen (Martin)
Greater cooperation, but also greater resistance
Police limit authority
Female police (Martin)
Have to be more aggressive, but are allow to shot a set of expressions
How police organizations control emotion work (Martin)
Selection
Socialization
Observation
Coping mechanisms
Women colleagues as ‘nurturant mothers’
Group solidarity through athletic activity, sex and alcohol
Women have less opportunity to do so.
Rambo litigators (Pierce)
Agressive lawyers
Lawyers’ emotional labour (Pierce)
Manipulating one’s emotions to win over or dominate another (masculinize)
- Intimidation
- Strategic friendliness
Voir dire (Pierce)
Obtain personal info about jurors to develop a positive rapport
Hoang study
Sex workers: type and intensity of emotional labour dependent on sector depending on women’s class
Repressive (suppress) VS expressive emotional labour
Middle-class: expressive; love scenarios
High: embodie the masculine in the public sphere
So you pay more for more emotions
Third shift
Social network keeper keep up with extended family
Sex composition
Representation of women and men in a particular occupation
Gender typing
The process through which occupations come to be viewed as appropriate for workers with masculine and feminine characteristics
e.g.: teacher
How restaurants do gender (Hall)
- Hired/allocate workers to form gender distinctions
- Use stereotypes (smiling)
- Structure interactions (flirting)
Being a servant (Hall)
The form of subordination and the options for resistance vary with the type of restaurants and the service style (formal vs. familial)
and gender
The Flirting game (Hall)
In the low prestige restaurants, young waitresses accepted flriting in their interactions with male customers (service style)
A little bit in high scale restaurant
Sexual harassment
Wiliams et al.’s argument
Following Acker (1990), the new elements in the new economy are
- teamwork
- careers maps
- networking
Teamwork (Williams)
On male-dominated teams, women have difficulties to promote themselves
Career Maps
If the supervisor has gender bias, you can’t have promotions or even be hired
Supervisors can approve accomodations of part-time jobs or maternal leaves
Networking
Masculine activities
Women activities with less opportunities
The domestic division of labour (3) (Hoschchild)
- Traditional
‘helpers’ - Egalitarian
- Transitional: mix between the 2 - women should do both, husband feels guilty
The ideology between gender is not the same (women = egalitarian, men = transitional)
Gender strategies for women
ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE
- Balance
- Stress husband
- Don’t do it
- Supermom (cut hours in the public sphere)
Gender strategies for men
RESISTANCE TO PRESSURE
- Disaffiliation: ‘playing dumb’ - with Q
- Needs reduction: do we really need to do that?
- Substitute offerings: I will do something for u later
- Encouragement of wife’s effort
Relative resources (domestic work)
Missing the resources to challenge the distribution b/c of wage gap
Discredited
Time availability (domestic work)
Proportional with the time spend at work with women
Discredited
Gender ideologies (domestic work)
How you identifie as your gender (feminity/masculinity tasks)
Economic dependency
Economically dependent, women do more.
Discredited b/c even when she earns more, she does more
Theoretical explanations on reproductive labour
- Relative resources
- Time availibility
- Gender ideologies
- Economic dependency
4 primary forms of unpaid work
- Care of children in the household
- Domestic work
- Care provided to seniors
- Volunteer work (38 vs. 33%)
Smith’s argument
Sees gender as a social construct
Hosuehusbands embody a challenge to stereotyped views of men as nondomestic and nonnurturing and the breadwinner
- Personal processes
- Interpersonal interactions
- Marital manifestations of the gender order
Personal processes (SMith)
Internalized beliefs/identity to justify their social location : ‘nonmacho’ masculinity
Interpersonal interactions (Smith)
Negociation between the spouses
Gatekeepers reject househusbands (taboo)
Faux pas (see as temporary for e.g.), not the first caregiver
Marital manifestations of the gender order (Smith)
In the architectural and sociophysical features
Solutions (Smith)
Gender-in-home
Reject gender differences by psychological androgyny
Don’t integrate
Say it is temporary
Tichenor’s argument
Gender identity of spouses subvert the cultural link between women and money and reproduces dominance within marriage
Men still think that they are the provider and have authority
Romero’s argument
Domestic work challenges the notions of sisterhood for feminist. They are still women and are racialized. Should not pu the burden on another group
Hochchild’s argument
- Reduce immigration
- Fathers should do more childcare
- Nanny’s work should be more values
Kilkey’s argument
The article responds to this gap by focusing on male domestic workers. The focus is such, however, that a new dimension to the emerging research agenda on male domestic workers is suggested. Thus, it is argued that in addition to examining how men are implicated in the global redistribution of stereotypically female tasks of domestic labor, we need to broaden our conceptualization of social reproduction to interrogate the ways in which stereotypically male areas of domestic work, such as gardening and household repair and maintenance, are embedded in global care chains.
