midterm

Question 1

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 1

They affect on our feelings, perception and behavior

Question 2

explain the difference between illicit and licit drugs

Answer 2

Illicit drugs: heroin, cocaine, marijuana or other club drugs ( mdma, ghb)
Licit drugs: alcohol, caffeine, nicotine

Question 3

two ways to consider drug use

Answer 3

Instrumental drug use: refers to the motivation of a drug use take the drug for a specific purpose other than getting high
Recreational drug use: refers to the motivation of a drug user who takes the drug only to get “high” or achieve some pleasurable effect

Question 4

drug misuse vs drug abuse

Answer 4

Drug misuse: refers to cases in which a prescription or over the counter drug is used inappropriately
Ex. ritalin or adderall
Drug abuse: refers to cases in which a licit or illicit drug is used in ways that produces some form of physical, mental or social implement.

Question 5

drug dependence

Answer 5

s a condition in which individuals feel a complusive need to continue taking a drug. The drug assumes an increasingly central role in the individual role.
An understanding of drug dependence requires an understanding of biological as well as psychological factors.

Question 6

tolerance

Answer 6

a person’s diminished response to a drug that is the result of repeated use.

Question 7

Biopsychological model

Answer 7

Biological, psychological and social factors contributed to addiction.
Think of the person’s environment holistically.

Biological factors: genetics (40-60%), diet and nutrition, mental disorders, disease/illness, withdrawals and cravings

Psychological factors: childhood influences, attachement, anxiety, depression, defense mechanisms, psychosis, self-awarness

Socio-cultural factors: upbringing, education, housing, employment, social and cultural norms, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, political situation, religon, media

Question 8

What is shamanism & what is a shaman?

Answer 8

Shamanism: The philosophy and practice of healing in which diagnosis or treatment is based on trancelike states, on the part of either the healer (shaman) or the patient.
Shaman: a healer whose diagnosis or treatment of patients is based at least in part on trances

Question 9

Ancient egyptians and babylonians:

Answer 9

Had extensive knowledge of both psychoactive and non-psychoactive drugs
Some drugs had genuine beneficial effects
With the development of centralized religions in these societies, the influence of shamanism declined.
The power to heal shifted to the priesthood & on formal rituals and rules.

Question 10

Drugs in the nineteenth century

Answer 10

In the 1800s,Medical advances succeeded in isolating active ingredients within many psychoactive substances.
E.g Morphine was identified as the major active ingredient in opium.
The invention of the syringe: Made it possible to deliver the morphine directly and quickly into the bloodstream.Psychoactive drugs were in widespread use
New drugs were developed with specific purposes or particular diseases. Anaesthetic drugs were discovered that made surgery painless.
some diseases could actually be prevented through the administration of vaccines, such as:
-Smallpox vaccine (introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796)
The vaccine against rabies (introduced by louis pasteur in 1885)
The discovery of new pharmaceutical products marked the modern era in the history of healing.

By the end of the century:
The risks of drugs dependence were beginning to be recognized
There was recognition that problems could result from the widespread and uncontrolled access to psychoactive drugs.

Question 11

Drugs and behaviour in the twentieth century : Opium

Answer 11

-Opium was cheap, easily available, and completely legal.
-Increased concern about the social effects of drug dependence led to:
Restrictive legislation regarding the use of morphine, heroin, cocaine, and marijuana.
Most people, from newborn infants to the elderly, in North America and Europe “took opium” during their lives.
-The way in which they took it, was a critical social factor
-The respectable way was to drink it, usually in a liquid form called LAUDANUM
-By contrast, the smoking of opium, as introduced by chinese immigrants. Smoking of opium was considered degrading and immoral.
In light of the tolerant attitude toward opium drinking.
-The strong emotional opposition to opium smoking may be viewed as more anti-chinese than anti-opium.
Laws prohibiting opium smoking began in 1908.

Question 12

Drugs and behaviour in the twentieth century : Cocaine

Answer 12

• Use was also widespread
• Was taken quite casally in a variety of forms during this period
• The original formula for coca-cola contained cocaine until 1903.

Question 13

What did sigmund freud think of cocaine?

Answer 13

Promoted cocaine as a magical drug, as being a safe and effective treatment for morphine addiction.

Question 14

Drugs and behaviour in the twentieth century : Alcohol

Answer 14

At the beginning of the 20th century, neither the general public nor the government considered alcohol a drug. However, in canada, prohibition started in 1901, when prince edward island banned all alcohol sales and consumption.
Prohibition:
Also succeeded in establishing a nationwide alcohol distribution network dominated by sophisticated criminal organizations.
Crime increased in major canadian cities as one group battled another for control of the liquor trade.
By the early 1920s most of the provinces had repealed prohibition.

Question 15

Drugs and behaviour in the twentieth century after 1940 to 1970s

Answer 15

After 1945, important strides were made in the development of antibiotics and psychiatric drugs.
By the 1940s and 1950s, illicit drugs such as heroin, cocaine and marijuana were used outside the mainstream of life.
In the 1960s and 1970s:
The use of marijuana and hallucinogenic drugs spread across the nation.
-Along with an increase in problems related to heroin.
- Heroin abuse declined in the 1980s.
-Cocaine abuse increased with the emergence of crack as a cheap, smokeable form of cocaine.

Question 16

Present day attitudes toward drugs

Answer 16

• It is now recognized that a wide range of psychoactive drugs, licit or illicit qualify as potential sources of misuse and abuse.
• Individuals born toward the end of the “baby boom” generation were the first group to have grown up during the explosion of drug experimentation in the 1960s and 1970s.

The parents of teenagers at the beginning of the 21st century:
Face the difficult challenge of dealing with the present-day drug taking behavior of their children
Interestingly, there appears to be no relationship between prior marijuana use among parents and marijuana use by their children.

Question 17

Patterns of drug use in canada

The cross canada report on student alcohol and drug use (2011)

Answer 17

Patterns of drug use in canada
-The cross canada report on student alcohol and drug use (2011) collected data across provinces from students in grades 7,9,10 and 12. The exception was the province of quebec, which does not have grade 12. Focuses on five main areas.
Alcohol consumption during the past year, lifetime use and how often students consumed 5 or more drinks at a given time.
Cannabis consumption; during the past year, the past month, and daily use.
Use of illicit drugs (cocaine/crack, ecstasy, inhalants or steroids): over students’ lifetime.
Automobile-related alcohol use; whether they were passenger or driver
Automobile-related cannabis use; whether they were a passenger or driver

Findings
The use of alcohol was higher than cannabis and other illicit drugs, because it is readily available and relatively easy for students to acquire:
Alcohol use was reported at 52-70%
Cannabis use was 21-37% (the ranges vary depending on the province)
-19-30% of school students reported consuming five or more drinks in the past month
-12-20% of students in grade 12 had had at least one drink of alcohol and then driven a vehicle within the next hour.
-26-38% of students had been in a vehicle with a driver who had consumed alcohol, and 17-20% had been in a vehicle with a driver who had had too much to drink.
2-5% of students smoke marijuana on a daily basis
14-21% of grade 12 students had smoked marijuana and then operated an automobile within the hour
33% of grade 12 students had been in a vehicle that was operated by someone who had just smoked marijuana
4-7% of students reported lifetime use of ecstasy

Question 18

Canadian alcohol and drug use monitoring survey (CADUMS)

Answer 18

-The cadums contacts at least 10 000 people over the age of 15 each year to ask them a variety of drug-related questions
-The goal of the CADUMS is to collect basic drug-use statistics as well as to determine how many canadians lives are affected by substance use.
-In 2011, the CADUMS interviewed 10 076 canadians aged 15 and older from all 10 provinces.
This method of sampling is used to represent 26 million canadian residents who fit in this age bracket.

Question 19

-Risk factors for drug-taking behaviour in adolescence include:

Answer 19

1. Tendency toward nonconformity within society.

2. The influence of drug-using peers.

Question 20

Protective factors against drug-taking behaviour include in adolescents

Answer 20

1. An intact home environment
2. Positive educational experience
3. Conventional peer relationships.

Question 21

Present day concerns

Answer 21

• Predictions regarding future drugs and drug-taking behaviours are largely founded on patterns from the past.
• New drugs will undoubtedly come on the scene.
• Old drugs that are out of favour might regain popularity.

Club-drugs: Serious concern, MDMA( ecstasy), GHB, Ketamine, Rohypnol, methamphetamine, LSD

Question 22

MDMA

Answer 22

Street name: ecstasy, XTC, E, Adam, Clarity, lover’s speed, hug drug, euphoria, M&M.
Variations: MDA and MDEA
Forms: Tablet and capsule
Behavioural effects: Appetite suppression, excitation, perceptual distortions
Physiological effects: Increased heart rate and blood pressure, dehydration
Length of effects: 3 to 6 hours
Toxicity: Marked increased in body temperature, possible heart attack, stroke or seizure

Question 23

GBH

Answer 23

Street names: grievous bodily harm, G, Liquid X, Liquid Ecstasy, Georgia Home Boy, Goop Soup.
Variations: GBL (gamma-butrolactone)
Forms: Clear liquid, tablet, capsule or white powder
Behavioural effects: Intoxication, euphoria, sedation, anxiety reduction
Physiological effects: Central nervous system depressant, stimulation of growth-hormone release
Length of effect: up to 4 hours
Toxicity: Drowsiness, loss of consciousness, impaired breathing, coma, potential death.

Question 24

Ketamine

Answer 24

Street names: K, Special K, Vitamin K, Ket
Variations: none
Forms: Liquid, white powder snorted or smoked with marijuana or tobacco, intramuscular injections
Behavioural effects: Dreamlike state of consciousness, hallucinations
Physiological effects: Increased blood pressure, potential seizures and coma
Length of effect: 1 hour
Toxicity: Impaired attention, memory & coordination, disorientation

Question 25

Rohypnol

Answer 25

Street names: Roofies, rophies, roche, rope, forget-me pill
Variations: None
Forms: Tablet dissolvable in beverages
Behavioural effects: Sedation
Physiological effects: Decreased blood pressure, visual disturbances, GI disturbances
Length of effect: 8 to 12 hours
Toxicity: Anteretrograde amnesia ( more potent with alcohol)

Question 26

Methamphetamine

Answer 26

Street names: speed, ice, meth, crystal, crystal meth, crank, fire, glass, rock, candy
Variation: Amphetamines with varying similarity
Forms: Can be smoked, snorted, injected or orally ingested
Behavioural effects: Increased alertness and energy
Physiological effects: increased heart rate and blood pressure, decreased appetite
Length of effect: several hours
Toxicity: Possible heart attack seizures, cerebral hemorrhage coma

Question 27

What are the potential risks to one’s physical health and to the health of others?

Answer 27

1. toxicity

2. Tolerance

Question 28

What are the potential risks for physical and psychological dependence?

Answer 28

1. Teasing apart the difference between physical versus psychological dependence
2. Substance dependence versus substance abuse
3. Diagnosing substance use disorder

Question 29

A drug’s harmful effects are referred to as its toxicity (name two types of toxicity)

Answer 29

Acute toxicity: effects are short terms

Chronic toxicity: effects are long terms

Question 30

What is a dose?

Answer 30

the quantity of a drug that is taken into the body. Typically measured in terms of milligrams (mg) or micrograms (ug)

Question 31

What is a dose-response curve?

Answer 31

An s-shaped graph showing the biological or behavioural response due to the specific concentration of a drug.

Question 32

Compared effective dose, lethal dose and toxic dose

Answer 32

Effective dose: Minimal dose of a particular drug necessary to produce the intended drug effect in a given percentage of the population.
Lethal dose: the minimal dose of a particular drug capable of producing death in a given percentage of the population studied (normally established based on animal studies)
Toxic dose: the minimal dose of a particular drug capable of producing toxicity in a given percentage of humans.

Question 33

Explain therapeutic index and margin of safety

Answer 33

Therapeutic index: the measure of a drugs relative safety for use. Computed as the ratio of the lethal dose or toxic dose for 50% of the population to the effective dose for 50% of the population
Margin of safety: the ratio of a lethal dose for 1% of the population of the effective dose for 99% of the population

Question 34

Judging drug toxicity from drug-related deaths

Answer 34

The number of people who die each year as a result of drinking alcohol or smoking tobacco, Far outnumbers the fatalities from abuse illicit drugs.
Chronic use of alcohol and tobacco (both legally available) cause by far the greatest adverse health effects

Question 35

Behavioural tolerance

Answer 35

Helps explains why a formerly drug-dependent individual is strongly advised to avoid the surroundings associated with his or her past drug-taking behaviour

Question 36

Physical and psychological dependence

Answer 36

A physical dependence: the compulsive drug-taking behaviour is tied to an avoidance of withdrawal symptoms
Psychological dependence: the drug taking is tied to a genuine craving for the drug, and its highly reinforcing effects of users on the body and mind.

Question 37

Substance use disorder

Answer 37

A diagnostic term used in the DSM-5 for clinical psychiatrists and other healthcare professionals to identify an individual with and significant problems that are associated with some form of drug taking behaviour

Question 38

Changes made to the DSM included two major changes involving the diagnosis of drug taking behaviour

Answer 38

Minimum of two criteria has been established for an individual to be identified as having a substance use disorder
DSM-5 now has set a severity-of-symptoms scale for this condition

Question 39

The severity of symptoms scale:

Answer 39

1. Mild level substance use disorder: 
The presence of two or three criteria
      2. A moderate level substance: 
  The presence of four of five criteria
      3. Severe level level of substance:  
The presence of six or more criteria.

Question 40

Criteria for substance dependence

Answer 40

Tolerance: either the substance has been taken in increasingly large doses to produce the desired effect or a diminished effect has been experienced over time from the same amount of the substance.
Withdrawal: Psychological or physiological symptoms arise when use is stopped or use has continued in order to relieve or avoid these symptoms
Unintentional use in excessive amounts: the substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period of time than has been intended by the user.
Persistent intentions or efforts to cut down on substance use: There are frequent attempts to quit or reduce substance use and repeated failures (relapses) in doing so.
Preoccupation: a great deal of time is spent in behaviours that are necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its adverse effects.
Reduction in fulfilling important personal responsibilities: social, occupational or recreational obligations are not fully met or abandoned in order to engage in substance use. Examples include quitting a job or neglecting the care of a child.
Continuing substance use even though there are major substance-related social or health problems: Examples include continuance of cocaine use despite recognition of a cocaine-induced depression or continuance of drinking despite recognition that an ulcer condition would be made worse

Question 41

Criteria for substance abuse

Answer 41

Recurring failure to meet major role obligations at work, school, or home due to substance use: examples include repeated absenteeism at work, school suspension and expulsions or neglect of members of one’s household.
Recurrence of substance use in physically hazardous situations or circumstances: examples include driving while intoxicated or operating a machine while impaired by substance use.
Recurrent legal difficulties related to substance use: examples include arrests for disorderly conduct or other disruptive substance-related behaviours.
Continuing substance use even though the individual is aware of persistent social, occupational, psychological or physical problems that would result or be made more difficult by the use of the substance: examples include physical fights or spousal arguments related to substance use.

Question 42

Three different categories of violence

Answer 42

Pharmacological violence: violent acts committed while under the influence of a particular psychoactive drug, with the implication that the drug caused the violence to occur
Economically compulsive violence: violent acts are committed by a drug abuser to secure money to buy drugs
Systemic violence: Violence that arises from the traditionally aggressive patterns of behaviour within a network of illicit drug trafficking and distribution.

Question 43

How has canada responded to the social problems of drug-taking behaviour?
Governmental policy, regulation and laws

Answer 43

Until 1900, the canadian government’s attitude toward addictive behaviour was laissez-faire.
This meant there was little regulation or control

Prior to the 1900’s (twentieth century)
-Some movements were undertaken to ban alcoholic consumption
- But no movements to ban the wholesale use to opium, morphine, heroin, or cocaine
The only exception being the move to ban the smoking of opium (however, this was more an attitude directed toward chinese immigrants and their customs).

Question 44

Opium act (1908)

Answer 44

The opium act (1908) This law prohibited “the importation, manufacture and sale of opium for anything other than medicinal purposes” Severe punishment for breaking the law

Question 45

Opium and Drug act (1911)

Answer 45

• Imposed harsher penalties

- Now included cocaine & morphine as illegal substances

Question 46

Proprietary or patent medicine act (1909)

Answer 46

Was the first law the regulate legal drugs in canada. Required food and drug manufacturers to list the amount of alcohol or habit forming drugs (opium) in their products, had to be listed on the label.
But the sale and the use of any of these substances were left unrestricted

Question 47

The food and drug act of 1920

Answer 47

Second major piece of legislation governing drugs in canada
Required the licensing of drugs
The government had to receive and approve a company’s request to manufacture and sell a drug; led to the Food and Drug regulations act in 1947. And a more stringent licensing procedure.

Question 48

Food and drug regulations act (1947)

Answer 48

Required a drug license ( a contract) that allows a company to: fabricate, package, label, distribute, import, wholesale or test a drug.

Question 49

The controlled and drugs and substances act (CDSA) (1997)

Answer 49

Passed by the chretien government to replace both the narcotic control act and the food and drug act. In canada current legislation
Controls the possession, production, selling and importation of drugs, their precursors and other substances

Question 50

Drug license and analogue

Answer 50

Drug license: a federal contract that allows a company to fabricate, package, label, distribute, import, wholesale, or test a new drug
Analogue: a descriptive term in the controlled drugs and substances act that refers to a substance that has a substantially similar chemical structure to a scheduled drug

Question 51

Three type of injections

Answer 51

Intravenous (IV) The drug is delivered into a vein without any intermediary tissue. Taking heroin this way takes 15 seconds. The effects of abused drugs delivered in the way, are often called mainlining.
Intramuscular (IM) the drug is delivered into a large muscle, usually in the upper arm or buttock, is absorbed into the bloodstream through the capillaries serving the muscle.
Subcutaneous (SUB-Q) a needle is inserted into the tissue just underneath the skin, it has the slowest adaptation time of all the injection techniques.

Question 52

Four basic ways to administer body into the body

Answer 52

Oral administration
Injection
Inhalation
Absorption through the skin or membrane

Question 53

Explain oral administration

Answer 53

ingesting a drug by mouth, digesting it and absorbing it into the bloodstream through the gastrointestinal tract is the most common and easiest way of taking a drug. The drug must be the right level of acid or else it might not dissolve properly in the stomach. The membrane separating the gastrointestinal tract from blood capillaries is made up of two layers of fat molecules, making it necessary for substances to be lipid-soluble or soluble in fats, in order to pass through it and into the bloodstream. If it survives the stomach, the drug can also proceed from the small intestine into the bloodstream. Although even after success it most pass through the liver for a screening process. Enzymes in the liver are capable of breaking down (metabolizing) the molecules structure of certain drugs, thus reducing the amount that eventually enter the bloodstream. This is referred as the first-pass metabolism, which plays an essential role protecting us from potentially toxic substances that might be ingested.

Question 54

Explain inhalation

Answer 54

Second simplest way of receiving a drug effect is to inhale it in some form of gaseous or vaporous state. Moves drug through the alveoli in the lungs into the bloodstream and from the bloodstream to the brain. Takes only five to eight seconds.

Question 55

Explain three ways of absorption

Answer 55

Of a drug through the skin or membranes dissolves into the bloodstream
Intranasal: into the nasal cavity, it adhere to thin mucous membranes and dissolve through the membranes into the bloodstream.
Sublingual: applied under the tongue.
Transdermal patch: a device attached to the skin; drug slowly delivered through the skin absorption.

Question 56

Explain synergism, potentiation, cross-tolerance, cross dependence, individual difference

Answer 56

Synergism: the property of a drug interaction in which the combination effect of two drugs exceeds the effects of either drug administered alone
Potentiation: the property of a synergistic drug interaction in which one drug combined with another drug produces an enhanced effect when one of the drugs alone would have had no effect
Cross-tolerance: tolerance, results from chronic use because one drug induces a tolerance effect with regards to a second drug that has not been used before
Cross dependence: one drug can be used to reduced the withdrawal symptoms following the discontinuance of another drug.
Individual differences: some characteristics that can play a definite role in the effect of a drug: weight, gender, ethnic background

Question 57

Drug A - 0 
Drug B - 20
Drug C- 35
identify the type of drug interaction when the following values represent the effect of two drugs in combination
1. Drug A combined with Drug B - 30
2. Drug B combined with Drug C -  55
3. Drug A  combined with Drug C 15
4. Drug B combined with Drug C- 85
5. Drug B combined with Drug C - 0
6. Drug A combined with Drug B- 20

Answer 57

1. Potentiation
2. Additive
3. Antagonistic
4. Synergistic (hyper addictive)
5. Antagonistic
   6, Addictive

Question 58

Hindbrain

Answer 58

The medulla lies at the point of the hindbrain. The coordinator of the basic life-support system in our body. Breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, and vomiting.The pons is also another structure in the hindbrain, this helps us with alertness, helps us when we sleep or when we are awake. Behind the pons and medulla is the cerebellum, important for structure for the maintenance of balance. (Alcohol)

Question 59

MIdbrain

Answer 59

Important for sensory and motor reflexes, as well as for the processing of pain information.

Question 60

Forebrain

Answer 60

Includes the hypothalamus and the limbic system. It is through these structures that we can carry out the motivational and emotional acts that ensure our survival. Feeding behaviour, drinking behaviour, and sexual behaviour controlled by the hypothalamus. The limbic system plays an important role in organizing emotional behaviour during times of stress.

Question 61

Cerebral cortex

Answer 61

two hemisphere higher level information processing.

Cortical tissue: devoted to the task of associating one piece of the information with another

Question 62

Association cortex

Answer 62

includes more than 80% of the cortex. Integration of information

Question 63

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 63

controls our higher order, intellectual abilities

Neurons receives and send messages

Question 64

seven neurotransmitters

Answer 64

1. Acetylcholine
2, Norophine
3. Dopamine
4. Serotonin
5. Gaba
6. Glutamate
7. Endorphins

Question 65

Compare agonist and anagosit

Answer 65

Agonist: a substance facilitates synaptic transmission
Anagosit: a substance that decrease synaptic transmission

Question 66

three important issues need to be understood in looking at the physiological effect of drugs:

Answer 66

1. The extent to which drugs pass from the bloodstream to the brain
2. The extent to which tolerance effects occur
3. The extent to which a drug influences neuronal activity

Question 67

the blood brain barrier

Answer 67

The blood-brain barrier: a specialized separation between the bloodstream and central nervous system that keeps toxins and large molecules out of the brain.

Question 68

Biochemical processes underlying drug tolerance

-Tolerance can be examined in terms of two types of physiological processes

Answer 68

One occurring in the liver and the other occuring in the neuron itself.

Question 69

metabolic (dispositional) tolerance
and
cellular (pharmacodynamic) tolerance

Answer 69

Metabolic (dispositional) tolerance: over repeated drug administration’s, processes that produce the drug’s biotransformation in the liver
Cellular ( pharmacodynamic) tolerance :
Changes that occur in the synapse of neurons themselves.

Question 70

Whar is in tobacco?

Answer 70

Nicotine: the primary psychoactive drug in tobacco products, it is toxic and dependence producing, the primary effect of nicotine is to stimulate the CNS receptor that are sensitive to acetylcholine.
Tar: sticky material found in particulate phase of tobacco smoke and other pollutant in the air
Carbon monoxide: an odourless, colourless and flavourless but toxic gas

Question 71

The titration hypothesis of nicotine dependence

Answer 71

The idea that smokers will adjust there smoking of cigarettes in such a way as to maintain a steady input of nicotine into the body.

Question 72

Cardiovascular disease four types

Answer 72

Tobacco smoking produces an increased risk of cardiovascular disease such as:
Coronary heart disease and stroke, lung cancer as well as other forms of cancer and respiratory diseases such as: Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

• Coronary heart disease: A disease that damages the heart as a result of a restriction of blood flow through coronary arteries
• Arteriosclerosis: A disease in which blood flow is restricted because the walls of arteries harden and lose their elasticity.
• Atherosclerosis: A disease in which blood flow is restricted because of the build up of fatty deposits inside arteries.
• Ischemic stroke: A disease in which there is an interruption of or reduction in blood flow to the brain. -causes paralysis, sensory loss, cognitive deficits or causes a combination of neuropsychological effects

Question 73

Respiratory diseases three type

Answer 73

• Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease: A group of diseases characterized by impaired breathing due to an abnormality in the air passages.
• Chronic bronchitis: A respiratory disease involving inflammation of bronchial tissue following a build-up of excess mucus in air passages
• Emphysema: An enlargement of air sacs in the lungs and adnormalities in the air sac walls, causing great difficulty in breathing.

Question 74

Cancers

Answer 74

Lung cancer & carcinomas: Cancerous tumours or growths
Leukoplakia: Small white spots inside the mouth and nasal cavity, indicating precancerous tissue
Erythroplakia: Small red spots inside the mouth and nasal cavity, indicating precancerous tissue.

Question 75

women who smoke

Answer 75

Have more than 3 times greater risk of dying from stroke due to brain hemorrhaging
Have an almost 2 times greater risk of dying from a heart attack

Question 76

The canadian tobacco use monitoring survey (CTUMS)

Answer 76

Has been collecting detailed statistics about tobacco use by canadians aged 15 ears and older since 1999.
Has documented a decrease in the rate of smoking
1999: 25%
2012: 16%

Question 77

The youngest smokers

Answer 77

-2010-11: Youth smoking survey
-Approx. 6% of grade 6 to 9 students
-Approx. 40% of grade 10 to 12 students
Reported that they had tried cigarettes in their lifetime
However, these figures are down:
2008-09: Rates were 22% and 48%