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Psychopathology: Adult > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Emil Kraeplin?

A

developed a classification system for mental disorders

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2
Q

What changes were made to the DSM-5?

A
  1. elimination of multi-axial system
  2. added lifespan considerations
  3. it added trauma & related stressors
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3
Q

Is there one single element to determine abnormality?

A

NO

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4
Q

What was a major biomedical breakthrough of the psychopathology realm?

A

The discovery &cure for general paresis (syphilitic insanity)

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5
Q

What is the predisposition for developing a disorder called?

A

diathesis-stress

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6
Q

What is the new DSM-5 category that was added?

A

stress not specified

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7
Q

What distinguishes dysthymia from MDD?

A

whether normal moods occurred

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8
Q

What is health psychology?

A

concerned with the effects of stress & other psychological factors in the development & maintenance of physical problems

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of stressors?

A
  1. severity of stressor
  2. chronicity
  3. how closely it affects our own lives
  4. how expected it is
  5. how controllable it is
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10
Q

What is the biological cost of adapting to stress called?

A

allostatic load

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11
Q

What are the components of fear & panic?

A
  1. cognitive/subjective
  2. physiological
  3. behavioral
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12
Q

What anxiety disorders are in the DSM?

A
  1. specific phobia
  2. social anxiety
  3. agoraphobia
  4. panic
  5. generalized anxiety disorder
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13
Q

What is psychosis?

A

loss of contact with reality (hallmark of schizophrenia)

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14
Q

What is prevalence?

A

the number of active cases in a population over time

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15
Q

What is incidence?

A

the number of new cases in a population over time

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16
Q

What is abnormal psychology?

A

understanding nature, causes, and treatments of mental disorders

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17
Q

7 indicators of abnormality:

A
  1. subjective distress
  2. maladaptiveness
  3. statistical deviancy
  4. social discomfort
  5. irrationality
  6. unpredictability
  7. dangerousness
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18
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

a naming system

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19
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

the study of distribution of disease, diseases, or health related disorders

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20
Q

What is the most prevalent category of psych. disorders?

A

anxiety disorders

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21
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

presence of 2 or more disorders in the same person (especially high in ppl with severe mental disorders)

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22
Q

What is etiology?

A

causes of disorders

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23
Q

What is a case study?

A

detailed accounts/clinical cases of patients that serve as a valuable source of new ideas & stimulus for research

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24
Q

What are the elements of abnormal behavior (4 D’s)?

A
  1. Deviance/difference
  2. Dysfunction
  3. Distress
  4. Danger
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25
Q

What is general paresis?

A

syphilis of the brain

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26
Q

Psychodynamic perspective:

A

inner dynamics of unconscious motives (Freud)

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27
Q

Psychoanalysis:

A

methods Freud used to study & treat patients

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28
Q

What is catharsis?

A

significant emotional release

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29
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

form of learning-neutral stimulus paired repeatedly with UCS that naturally elicits unconditioned behavior, after pairings, neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus that produces CR (Pavlov)

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30
Q

Stressors:

A
  1. external: adjustive demands that require coping behavior on the part of an indv.
  2. external demands
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31
Q

What is distress?

A

bad stress that typically has potential to do more damage

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32
Q

What characteristics may improve someone’s ability to handle life stress?

A

higher levels of optimism,
greater psychological control/mastery,
increased self-esteem, &
better social support

33
Q

What is the name of the stress hormone?

A

cortisol (prepares body for fight/flight)

34
Q

What is resilience?

A

healthy psychological & physical functioning following a traumatic event

35
Q

What factors are linked to resilience?

A
  • male gender
  • older age
  • higher education
  • economic resources
  • positive life outlook
  • self-confidence
36
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

the study of interactions between nervous & immune systems

37
Q

What are telomeres?

A

protective end parts of chromosomes

stress shortens the length

38
Q

What is depression a risk factor for?

A

development of chronic heart disease

39
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

human traits & resources such as humor, gratitude & compassion might have direct implications for physical & mental well-being

40
Q

What are the 4 areas of PTSD?

A
  1. intrusion: reexperiencing trauma through nightmares or intrusive images
  2. avoidance: avoid all thoughts & feelings connected to trauma
  3. negative alterations in cognitions & mood: detachment, negative, blame others, etc.
  4. arousal & reactivity: hypervigilance, aggressive, reckless behavior, etc.
41
Q

What is acute stress disorder?

A

symptoms develop shortly after experiencing traumatic event & lasts for at least 2 days

42
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

excess/distortion of normal behavior/experience; disorganized thinking

43
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

absence of normally present behaviors; poor clinical outcome

44
Q

What are the subtypes of schizophrenia & should always be specified with diagnosis?

A
  • paranoid
  • disorganized
  • catatonic
45
Q

What are delusions?

A

fixed & firmly held despite clear contradictory evidence & a disturbance in the content of thought

46
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

sensory experience, any sensory modality, seems real but occurs in the absence of any external perceptual stimuli

47
Q

What is somatic?

A

believe that they have an illness

48
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

lack of pleasure or interest

49
Q

What is avolition?

A

lack of will power, drive, or motivation to complete goals

50
Q

What is blunt/flat affect?

A

lack of expressiveness

51
Q

Schizophrenia has a high comorbidity with ______ ______.

A

substance use disorders

52
Q

What is the epidemiology of schizophrenia?

A

African-Americans twice as likely than whites/latino to develop it

53
Q

What are the risks of schizophrenia (etiology)?

A

genes, maternal exposure to viruses, complications/illness at birth, brain abnormalities, socioeconomic status, & family factors

54
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

proposes that an overproduction of dopamine or an increase in sensitivity of dopamine receptors is responsible for schizophrenia

55
Q

What happens in relapse of schizophrenia?

A

return of positive symptoms, increase in medication dosage, or re-hospitalization

56
Q

What is the psychosocial treatment for schizophrenia?

A

focuses on long-term improvements of life other than reduction of symptoms (ex: housing, social competence, stability, job, etc.)

57
Q

What is glutamate?

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

58
Q

What are endophenotypes?

A

discrete, stable & measurable traits thought to be under genetic control studying these helps researchers discover genes that might be important in schizophrenia

59
Q

Identification of a presenting problem:

A
  • Situational or pervasive?
  • Duration?
  • Prior attempts to help/treat?
  • Self-defeating
  • Problem impacting social roles?
  • Match any DSM-5 criteria?
60
Q

What is seen in an EEG?

A

tumors, lesions, electrical dysrhytmia

61
Q

What is seen in a CAT scan/MRI?

A

enlarged brain areas

62
Q

What is seen in a PET scan?

A

organic processes

63
Q

What is seen in an fMRI?

A

brain mapping

64
Q

What are the 2 general categories of psychological tests?

A
  1. intelligence

2. personality

65
Q

What are the benefits of classification?

A

intro. order
clarify insurance issues
communication establishment
stats research data use

66
Q

Are young children more vulnerable to psychological problems?

A

YES, because they don’t have realistic views of the world yet, are dependent on others, & immediate threats are seen as more important

67
Q

What are causal factors of depression & bipolar disorder in children?

A
  • bio & learning factors
  • medication & psychotherapy
  • exposure to trauma
  • parental negative/emotional behavior
68
Q

What is ODD?

A

(operational defiant disorder)

recurrent, negative, defiant, disobedient, & hostile behavior toward authority figures that lasts at least 6 mos.

69
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A

persistent, repetitive violation of rules & regard for rights of others

70
Q

What are the treatments for ODD & CD?

A

cohesive family model & behavioral techniques

71
Q

What are the factors for ADHD?

A

heredity
smaller brain size
social-environmental factors
slower brain development

72
Q

What are the 3 organic disability syndromes that are now tested at birth?

A
  1. down syndrome
  2. cranial anomalies
  3. phenylketonuria
73
Q

What are the 5 specifiers of MDD?

A
  1. with melancholic features
  2. with psychotic features
  3. with a typical features
  4. with catatonic features
  5. with seasonal pattern
74
Q

What are the 2 key moods in mood disorders?

A

mania & depression

75
Q

What are the causal factors of bipolar?

A
  • biological: heredity, neurotransmitters, cortisol levels, disturbances in biological rhythms
  • psychological: stress, low support, personality variables, pessimistic attributional styles
76
Q

What are the psychosocial factors of depression?

A

impulsivity, negative affect, aggression, family psychopathology, hopelessness, & pessimism

77
Q

What are the biological factors of depression?

A

genetics & low serotonin levels

78
Q

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • delusions
  • disorganized speech/behavior
  • hallucinations
  • neg & positive symptoms
79
Q

What is the best treatment for specific phobias?

A

exposure therapy

Psychopathology: Adult (2 decks)

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